{ "source": "humanoid.observer", "license": "CC BY 4.0", "url": "https://humanoid.observer/data/", "count": 182, "data": [ { "slug": "neura-4ne-1", "name": "4NE-1", "aliases": [ "4NE1" ], "company": "neura-robotics", "country": "DE", "category": "general-purpose", "status": "prototype", "status_note": "Third generation shown at Automatica in June 2025; pilots with industrial partners; not generally available.", "first_revealed": "2023", "announced": null, "generation": 3, "predecessor": null, "form": "bipedal", "height_cm": 180, "weight_kg": 80, "payload_kg": null, "dof": null, "hand_dof": null, "hands": null, "battery_kwh": null, "runtime_hours": null, "walk_speed_ms": null, "actuation": "electric, in-house actuators", "compute": null, "sensors": null, "ai_stack": "Neuraverse platform, Nvidia Isaac", "teleoperation": "partial", "teleop_note": null, "autonomy_evidence": null, "price_usd": null, "price_note": "no public price", "availability": "enterprise only", "units_built_est": null, "units_deployed_est": null, "units_note": null, "customers": [], "summary": "4NE-1 is the humanoid from Neura Robotics of Metzingen, Germany, first revealed in 2023 and shown in a third generation at Automatica 2025. Neura, founded by David Reger in 2019, also makes cognitive industrial robots and positions 4NE-1 for factories and later households.", "highlights": [ "Third generation at Automatica June 2025", "Part of the Neuraverse ecosystem", "Germany's main humanoid program" ], "open_source": false, "open_source_note": null, "image": { "url": "/img/robots/neura-4ne-1.webp", "width": 1200, "height": 670, "credit": "Neura Robotics press image", "license": null, "page": "https://neura-robotics.com/" }, "video_url": null, "sources": [ { "title": "Neura Robotics", "url": "https://neura-robotics.com/", "date": null, "publisher": "Neura Robotics" } ], "last_verified": null }, { "slug": "addverb-heal", "name": "Addverb Heal", "aliases": [ "Heal" ], "company": "addverb", "country": "IN", "category": "service", "status": "concept", "status_note": "Announced 2024 as India's first humanoid for healthcare and industry, with a 2025 launch target; commercial availability unverified.", "first_revealed": "2024", "announced": "2024-10", "generation": 1, "predecessor": null, "form": "wheeled-base", "height_cm": null, "weight_kg": null, "payload_kg": null, "dof": null, "hand_dof": null, "hands": null, "battery_kwh": null, "runtime_hours": null, "walk_speed_ms": null, "actuation": "electric", "compute": null, "sensors": null, "ai_stack": null, "teleoperation": "unknown", "teleop_note": null, "autonomy_evidence": null, "price_usd": null, "price_note": null, "availability": "not for sale", "units_built_est": null, "units_deployed_est": null, "units_note": null, "customers": [], "summary": "Heal is the humanoid announced by Indian warehouse-robot maker Addverb, backed by Reliance, for healthcare and industrial use.", "highlights": [ "First announced Indian humanoid" ], "open_source": false, "open_source_note": null, "image": null, "video_url": null, "sources": [ { "title": "Addverb official site", "url": "https://addverb.com/", "date": null, "publisher": "Addverb" } ], "last_verified": null }, { "slug": "hexagon-aeon", "name": "AEON", "aliases": [], "company": "hexagon", "country": "SE", "category": "industrial", "status": "pilot", "status_note": "Pilot programs with industrial customers (Schaeffler, Pilatus) announced at launch; not generally available.", "first_revealed": "2025-06-17", "announced": null, "generation": 1, "predecessor": null, "form": "wheeled-base", "height_cm": null, "weight_kg": null, "payload_kg": null, "dof": null, "hand_dof": null, "hands": null, "battery_kwh": null, "runtime_hours": 4, "walk_speed_ms": null, "actuation": "electric, legs with wheeled feet", "compute": "Nvidia Jetson", "sensors": "multimodal sensing incl. Hexagon metrology sensors", "ai_stack": "Nvidia Isaac stack, Hexagon Reality Cloud", "teleoperation": "partial", "teleop_note": null, "autonomy_evidence": null, "price_usd": null, "price_note": "no public price", "availability": "enterprise only", "units_built_est": null, "units_deployed_est": null, "units_note": null, "customers": [ "Schaeffler", "Pilatus" ], "summary": "AEON is Hexagon's industrial humanoid, unveiled on 17 June 2025 at HxGN LIVE in Las Vegas. It combines legs with wheels for locomotion, hot-swappable batteries and Hexagon's measurement sensors, and is aimed at inspection, scanning and material handling in factories.", "highlights": [ "Legs with wheeled feet", "Hot-swappable batteries, about 4 hours", "Pilots with Schaeffler and Pilatus" ], "open_source": false, "open_source_note": null, "image": { "url": "/img/robots/hexagon-aeon.webp", "width": 1200, "height": 477, "credit": "Hexagon AB (Hexagon Robotics) press image", "license": null, "page": "https://hexagon.com" }, "video_url": null, "sources": [ { "title": "Hexagon Robotics", "url": "https://hexagon.com/company/divisions/robotics", "date": null, "publisher": "Hexagon" } ], "last_verified": null }, { "slug": "agibot-yuanzheng-a2", "name": "AgiBot A2", "aliases": [ "A2", "A2 Lite", "A2-D", "A2-Max", "A2-W", "Expedition A2", "Yuanzheng A2", "Yuanzheng A2-W" ], "company": "agibot", "country": "CN", "category": "general-purpose", "status": "commercial", "status_note": "In series production since late 2024 in bipedal (A2), wheeled (A2-W), heavy-duty (A2-Max) and data-collection (A2-D) variants; the main AgiBot product line.", "first_revealed": "2024-08-18", "announced": null, "generation": 2, "predecessor": "agibot-raise-a1", "form": "bipedal", "height_cm": 169, "weight_kg": 69, "payload_kg": null, "dof": 40, "hand_dof": null, "hands": "dexterous hands or grippers depending on variant", "battery_kwh": null, "runtime_hours": null, "walk_speed_ms": null, "actuation": "electric (PowerFlow joints)", "compute": null, "sensors": null, "ai_stack": "AgiBot GO-1 vision-language-action model; AgiBot World dataset", "teleoperation": "partial", "teleop_note": "A2-D is a dedicated teleoperated data-collection variant.", "autonomy_evidence": "A2 walked 106 km from Suzhou to Shanghai in November 2025 (Guinness record for longest humanoid walk); A2-W used in factory logistics pilots; A2 as reception robot.", "price_usd": 44560, "price_note": "No public list price.", "availability": "in stock", "units_built_est": null, "units_deployed_est": null, "units_note": "AgiBot shipped its 1,000th humanoid in January 2025 and reported several thousand units in 2025 across all lines (verify).", "customers": [], "summary": "The Yuanzheng A2 family is AgiBot's production line, covering a bipedal interaction robot, a wheeled industrial model, a heavy-duty model and a data-collection model. A2 holds the Guinness record for the longest walk by a humanoid robot.", "highlights": [ "106 km Suzhou to Shanghai walk, November 2025", "Four variants on one platform" ], "open_source": false, "open_source_note": null, "image": null, "video_url": null, "sources": [ { "title": "AgiBot official site", "url": "https://www.agibot.com/", "date": null, "publisher": "AgiBot" } ], "last_verified": "2026-09-04" }, { "slug": "agibot-genie-g1", "name": "AgiBot Genie G1", "aliases": [ "Genie-01", "Jingling G1" ], "company": "agibot", "country": "CN", "category": "platform", "status": "commercial", "status_note": "Wheeled dual-arm data collection and research platform sold from 2025.", "first_revealed": "2025-03", "announced": null, "generation": 1, "predecessor": null, "form": "wheeled-base", "height_cm": null, "weight_kg": null, "payload_kg": null, "dof": null, "hand_dof": null, "hands": "grippers or dexterous hands", "battery_kwh": null, "runtime_hours": null, "walk_speed_ms": null, "actuation": "electric", "compute": null, "sensors": null, "ai_stack": "GO-1 model, AgiBot World data", "teleoperation": "yes", "teleop_note": "Designed for teleoperated demonstration data collection.", "autonomy_evidence": "Table-top manipulation demos with the GO-1 model.", "price_usd": null, "price_note": null, "availability": "in stock", "units_built_est": null, "units_deployed_est": null, "units_note": null, "customers": [], "summary": "Genie G1 is a wheeled upper-body platform that AgiBot uses to gather manipulation data for its foundation models and sells to researchers.", "highlights": [], "open_source": false, "open_source_note": null, "image": { "url": "/img/robots/agibot-genie-g1.webp", "width": 451, "height": 654, "credit": "AgiBot press image", "license": null, "page": "https://www.agibot.com/" }, "video_url": null, "sources": [ { "title": "AgiBot official site", "url": "https://www.agibot.com/", "date": null, "publisher": "AgiBot" } ], "last_verified": null }, { "slug": "agibot-genie-g2", "name": "AgiBot Genie G2", "aliases": [ "Jingling G2" ], "company": "agibot", "country": "CN", "category": "industrial", "status": "limited-production", "status_note": "Wheeled dual-arm robot for factory and commercial work, revealed 2025.", "first_revealed": "2025-08", "announced": null, "generation": 2, "predecessor": "agibot-genie-g1", "form": "wheeled-base", "height_cm": null, "weight_kg": null, "payload_kg": null, "dof": null, "hand_dof": null, "hands": null, "battery_kwh": null, "runtime_hours": null, "walk_speed_ms": null, "actuation": "electric", "compute": null, "sensors": null, "ai_stack": null, "teleoperation": "partial", "teleop_note": null, "autonomy_evidence": null, "price_usd": 130000, "price_note": null, "availability": "enterprise only", "units_built_est": null, "units_deployed_est": null, "units_note": null, "customers": [], "summary": "Genie G2 is the second wheeled dual-arm platform from AgiBot, aimed at light industrial and commercial manipulation tasks.", "highlights": [], "open_source": false, "open_source_note": null, "image": { "url": "/img/robots/agibot-genie-g2.webp", "width": 467, "height": 855, "credit": "AgiBot press image", "license": null, "page": "https://www.agibot.com/" }, "video_url": null, "sources": [ { "title": "AgiBot official site", "url": "https://www.agibot.com/", "date": null, "publisher": "AgiBot" } ], "last_verified": "2026-09-04" }, { "slug": "agibot-lingxi-x1", "name": "AgiBot Lingxi X1", "aliases": [ "Lingxi X1", "X1" ], "company": "agibot", "country": "CN", "category": "research", "status": "commercial", "status_note": "Open-source modular humanoid released August 2024.", "first_revealed": "2024-08-18", "announced": null, "generation": 1, "predecessor": null, "form": "bipedal", "height_cm": 130, "weight_kg": 33, "payload_kg": null, "dof": 29, "hand_dof": null, "hands": null, "battery_kwh": null, "runtime_hours": null, "walk_speed_ms": null, "actuation": "electric (PowerFlow joints)", "compute": null, "sensors": null, "ai_stack": null, "teleoperation": "partial", "teleop_note": null, "autonomy_evidence": "Walking demos; used by universities.", "price_usd": null, "price_note": "No fixed public price at launch.", "availability": "in stock", "units_built_est": null, "units_deployed_est": null, "units_note": null, "customers": [], "summary": "Lingxi X1 is AgiBot's open-source humanoid, with design files and a software framework published in 2024 to seed a developer ecosystem.", "highlights": [ "Open-source hardware files" ], "open_source": true, "open_source_note": "Structural design and software framework published on GitHub in 2024.", "image": { "url": "/img/robots/agibot-lingxi-x1.webp", "width": 451, "height": 654, "credit": "AgiBot press image", "license": null, "page": "https://www.agibot.com/" }, "video_url": null, "sources": [ { "title": "AgiBot official site", "url": "https://www.agibot.com/", "date": null, "publisher": "AgiBot" } ], "last_verified": null }, { "slug": "agibot-lingxi-x2", "name": "AgiBot Lingxi X2", "aliases": [ "Lingxi X2", "X2", "Lingxi X2-N" ], "company": "agibot", "country": "CN", "category": "research", "status": "commercial", "status_note": "Launched March 2025; a wheel-legged X2-N variant followed in 2025.", "first_revealed": "2025-03-11", "announced": null, "generation": 2, "predecessor": "agibot-lingxi-x1", "form": "bipedal", "height_cm": 130, "weight_kg": 33.8, "payload_kg": null, "dof": 28, "hand_dof": null, "hands": null, "battery_kwh": null, "runtime_hours": null, "walk_speed_ms": null, "actuation": "electric", "compute": null, "sensors": null, "ai_stack": "on-device multimodal interaction model", "teleoperation": "partial", "teleop_note": null, "autonomy_evidence": "Riding a bicycle and scooter, dancing and voice interaction in launch videos.", "price_usd": 24240, "price_note": "No verified public price.", "availability": "in stock", "units_built_est": null, "units_deployed_est": null, "units_note": null, "customers": [], "summary": "Lingxi X2 is a 1.3 m interactive humanoid that AgiBot showed riding a bicycle at launch. It targets education, entertainment and research buyers.", "highlights": [ "Bicycle riding demo at launch" ], "open_source": false, "open_source_note": null, "image": { "url": "/img/robots/agibot-lingxi-x2.webp", "width": 451, "height": 654, "credit": "AgiBot press image", "license": null, "page": "https://www.agibot.com/" }, "video_url": null, "sources": [ { "title": "AgiBot official site", "url": "https://www.agibot.com/", "date": null, "publisher": "AgiBot" } ], "last_verified": "2026-09-04" }, { "slug": "agibot-raise-a1", "name": "AgiBot Raise A1", "aliases": [ "Yuanzheng A1", "Expedition A1" ], "company": "agibot", "country": "CN", "category": "general-purpose", "status": "discontinued", "status_note": "First prototype shown August 2023 six months after founding; replaced by the Yuanzheng A2 family in 2024.", "first_revealed": "2023-08-18", "announced": null, "generation": 1, "predecessor": null, "form": "bipedal", "height_cm": 175, "weight_kg": 53, "payload_kg": 80, "dof": 49, "hand_dof": null, "hands": "five-finger hands with visual tactile sensing", "battery_kwh": null, "runtime_hours": null, "walk_speed_ms": 1.9, "actuation": "electric (PowerFlow joints, peak 350 Nm)", "compute": null, "sensors": null, "ai_stack": null, "teleoperation": "unknown", "teleop_note": null, "autonomy_evidence": "Walking demo at launch event only.", "price_usd": null, "price_note": "Target cost under CNY 200,000 stated at launch; never sold.", "availability": "not for sale", "units_built_est": null, "units_deployed_est": null, "units_note": null, "customers": [], "summary": "Raise A1 was the first humanoid from AgiBot, founded by former Huawei engineer Peng Zhihui. The 80 kg payload figure is the claimed total carrying capacity, not a per-arm rating.", "highlights": [ "Revealed six months after company founding" ], "open_source": false, "open_source_note": null, "image": null, "video_url": null, "sources": [ { "title": "AgiBot official site", "url": "https://www.agibot.com/", "date": null, "publisher": "AgiBot" } ], "last_verified": null }, { "slug": "agile-robots-agile-one", "name": "Agile ONE", "aliases": [], "company": "agile-robots", "country": "DE", "category": "industrial", "status": "prototype", "status_note": "Humanoid announced by Agile Robots at Automatica 2025; prototype stage.", "first_revealed": "2025-06", "announced": null, "generation": null, "predecessor": null, "form": "bipedal", "height_cm": null, "weight_kg": null, "payload_kg": null, "dof": null, "hand_dof": null, "hands": null, "battery_kwh": null, "runtime_hours": null, "walk_speed_ms": null, "actuation": "electric", "compute": null, "sensors": null, "ai_stack": null, "teleoperation": "unknown", "teleop_note": null, "autonomy_evidence": null, "price_usd": null, "price_note": "no public price", "availability": "not for sale", "units_built_est": null, "units_deployed_est": null, "units_note": null, "customers": [], "summary": "Agile ONE is the humanoid prototype announced in June 2025 by Agile Robots, a Munich company founded in 2018 by DLR alumni that already produces industrial arms. It extends the company's force-controlled arm technology to a full humanoid.", "highlights": [ "Announced Automatica June 2025", "Built on Agile Robots' arm technology" ], "open_source": false, "open_source_note": null, "image": null, "video_url": null, "sources": [ { "title": "Agile Robots", "url": "https://www.agile-robots.com/", "date": null, "publisher": "Agile Robots" } ], "last_verified": null }, { "slug": "aidol", "name": "AIDOL", "aliases": [ "Idol (robot)" ], "company": "new-technology-coalition", "country": "RU", "category": "general-purpose", "status": "prototype", "status_note": "Presented in Moscow in November 2025 as Russia's first AI humanoid; it fell over on stage at the reveal.", "first_revealed": "2025-11-10", "announced": null, "generation": 1, "predecessor": null, "form": "bipedal", "height_cm": null, "weight_kg": null, "payload_kg": null, "dof": null, "hand_dof": null, "hands": null, "battery_kwh": null, "runtime_hours": 6, "walk_speed_ms": null, "actuation": "electric", "compute": null, "sensors": null, "ai_stack": null, "teleoperation": "unknown", "teleop_note": null, "autonomy_evidence": "Walked a few steps on stage before falling at its 10 November 2025 reveal.", "price_usd": null, "price_note": null, "availability": "not for sale", "units_built_est": null, "units_deployed_est": null, "units_note": null, "customers": [], "summary": "AIDOL is a Russian humanoid unveiled by the New Technology Coalition in Moscow in November 2025; the developers said 77 percent of its components were Russian made.", "highlights": [ "Fell during its November 2025 reveal" ], "open_source": false, "open_source_note": null, "image": null, "video_url": null, "sources": [ { "title": "Reuters: Russia's first AI humanoid falls at unveiling", "url": "https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/", "date": "2025-11-11", "publisher": "Reuters" } ], "last_verified": null }, { "slug": "akinrobotics-ada-gh5", "name": "Akinrobotics ADA GH5", "aliases": [ "ADA GH5", "Ada" ], "company": "akinrobotics", "country": "TR", "category": "service", "status": "limited-production", "status_note": "Turkish service humanoid produced in small series since 2018 in Konya.", "first_revealed": "2017-12", "announced": null, "generation": 5, "predecessor": null, "form": "wheeled-base", "height_cm": null, "weight_kg": null, "payload_kg": null, "dof": null, "hand_dof": null, "hands": "five-finger hands", "battery_kwh": null, "runtime_hours": null, "walk_speed_ms": null, "actuation": "electric", "compute": null, "sensors": null, "ai_stack": null, "teleoperation": "partial", "teleop_note": null, "autonomy_evidence": "Speech interaction and reception demos.", "price_usd": null, "price_note": null, "availability": "enterprise only", "units_built_est": null, "units_deployed_est": null, "units_note": null, "customers": [], "summary": "ADA GH5 is the flagship humanoid of Akinrobotics, which opened what it called Turkey's first humanoid robot factory in Konya in December 2017.", "highlights": [ "Turkey's first humanoid factory, 2017" ], "open_source": false, "open_source_note": null, "image": null, "video_url": null, "sources": [ { "title": "Akinrobotics official site", "url": "https://www.akinrobotics.com/", "date": null, "publisher": "Akinrobotics" } ], "last_verified": null }, { "slug": "boardwalk-alex", "name": "Alex", "aliases": [], "company": "boardwalk-robotics", "country": "US", "category": "industrial", "status": "prototype", "status_note": "Upper-body humanoid on a fixed or mobile base for manufacturing tasks; pilots announced 2024 to 2025.", "first_revealed": "2024-08", "announced": null, "generation": null, "predecessor": null, "form": "upper-body", "height_cm": null, "weight_kg": null, "payload_kg": null, "dof": null, "hand_dof": null, "hands": null, "battery_kwh": null, "runtime_hours": null, "walk_speed_ms": null, "actuation": "electric", "compute": null, "sensors": null, "ai_stack": null, "teleoperation": "partial", "teleop_note": null, "autonomy_evidence": null, "price_usd": null, "price_note": "no public price", "availability": "enterprise only", "units_built_est": null, "units_deployed_est": null, "units_note": null, "customers": [], "summary": "Alex is an upper-body humanoid from Boardwalk Robotics, a Pensacola company spun out of IHMC. Revealed in August 2024, it is designed to mount on stands or mobile bases for manufacturing and logistics work, with legs planned later.", "highlights": [ "Upper-body first, legs later", "IHMC spin-off" ], "open_source": false, "open_source_note": null, "image": null, "video_url": null, "sources": [ { "title": "Boardwalk Robotics", "url": "https://www.boardwalkrobotics.com/", "date": null, "publisher": "Boardwalk Robotics" } ], "last_verified": null }, { "slug": "engineered-arts-ameca", "name": "Ameca", "aliases": [ "Ameca Gen 2" ], "company": "engineered-arts", "country": "GB", "category": "entertainment", "status": "commercial", "status_note": "Sold and rented to museums, research labs and events; Gen 2 since 2023; legs remain experimental.", "first_revealed": "2021-12", "announced": null, "generation": 1, "predecessor": null, "form": "upper-body", "height_cm": null, "weight_kg": null, "payload_kg": null, "dof": null, "hand_dof": null, "hands": null, "battery_kwh": null, "runtime_hours": null, "walk_speed_ms": null, "actuation": "electric", "compute": null, "sensors": "cameras in eyes, chest camera, microphones", "ai_stack": "Engineered Arts Tritium software with cloud LLMs (GPT and others) for conversation", "teleoperation": "partial", "teleop_note": null, "autonomy_evidence": null, "price_usd": null, "price_note": "commercial pricing on request", "availability": "enterprise only", "units_built_est": null, "units_deployed_est": null, "units_note": null, "customers": [], "summary": "Ameca is Engineered Arts' expressive humanoid, unveiled in December 2021 and shown at CES 2022, best known for realistic facial expressions and LLM-driven conversation. Gen 2 arrived in 2023 with a modular design. It is used for research, exhibitions and events rather than physical work.", "highlights": [ "Viral facial expression video December 2021", "Gen 2 modular platform 2023", "Conversational demos with GPT models" ], "open_source": false, "open_source_note": null, "image": { "url": "/img/robots/engineered-arts-ameca.webp", "width": 878, "height": 973, "credit": "Willy Jackson via Wikimedia Commons", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ameca_Generation_1.jpg" }, "video_url": null, "sources": [ { "title": "Ameca", "url": "https://engineeredarts.com/robot/ameca/", "date": null, "publisher": "Engineered Arts" }, { "title": "Ameca (robot)", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ameca_(robot)", "date": null, "publisher": "Wikipedia" } ], "last_verified": null }, { "slug": "apptronik-apollo", "name": "Apollo", "aliases": [], "company": "apptronik", "country": "US", "category": "general-purpose", "status": "pilot", "status_note": "In pilots with Mercedes-Benz, GXO and Jabil; Jabil also contract-manufactures Apollo; not sold openly.", "first_revealed": "2023-08-23", "announced": null, "generation": 1, "predecessor": "apptronik-astra", "form": "bipedal", "height_cm": 173, "weight_kg": 73, "payload_kg": 25, "dof": null, "hand_dof": null, "hands": null, "battery_kwh": null, "runtime_hours": 4, "walk_speed_ms": null, "actuation": "electric, linear actuators", "compute": null, "sensors": null, "ai_stack": "Google DeepMind Gemini Robotics (partnership December 2024) and Apptronik software", "teleoperation": "partial", "teleop_note": null, "autonomy_evidence": "Mercedes-Benz pilot in Berlin and Kecskemet carrying parts (2024 onward); GXO tote handling pilot; Jabil pilot in Florida (2025).", "price_usd": null, "price_note": "no public price", "availability": "not for sale", "units_built_est": null, "units_deployed_est": null, "units_note": null, "customers": [ "Mercedes-Benz", "GXO Logistics", "Jabil" ], "summary": "Apollo is Apptronik's general-purpose humanoid, revealed on 23 August 2023, with a 25 kg payload and four-hour swappable batteries. It is piloted by Mercedes-Benz, GXO and Jabil, and Google DeepMind has partnered with Apptronik on its AI. Apptronik's team previously worked on NASA's Valkyrie.", "highlights": [ "173 cm, 73 kg, 25 kg payload, 4 hour swappable battery", "Mercedes-Benz pilot from March 2024", "Google DeepMind partnership December 2024", "Jabil manufacturing and pilot 2025" ], "open_source": false, "open_source_note": null, "image": null, "video_url": null, "sources": [ { "title": "Apollo", "url": "https://apptronik.com/apollo", "date": null, "publisher": "Apptronik" }, { "title": "Apptronik", "url": "https://apptronik.com/", "date": null, "publisher": "Apptronik" } ], "last_verified": "2026-09-04" }, { "slug": "asimo", "name": "ASIMO", "aliases": [ "Advanced Step in Innovative Mobility" ], "company": "honda", "country": "JP", "category": "historic", "status": "retired", "status_note": "Development ended in 2018; final public demonstrations at Miraikan ended 31 March 2022. The ASIMO name lives on in Honda's ASIMO OS vehicle software.", "first_revealed": "2000-10-31", "announced": null, "generation": 4, "predecessor": "honda-p3", "form": "bipedal", "height_cm": 130, "weight_kg": 48, "payload_kg": 1, "dof": 57, "hand_dof": 13, "hands": "multi-fingered hands (2011 version) with tactile and force sensors", "battery_kwh": null, "runtime_hours": 1, "walk_speed_ms": 2.5, "actuation": "electric servomotors", "compute": "on-board", "sensors": "stereo cameras, ultrasonic and ground sensors, force sensors", "ai_stack": "predictive movement control, face and voice recognition", "teleoperation": "partial", "teleop_note": "Demonstrations were largely pre-programmed with some autonomous navigation.", "autonomy_evidence": "Ran at 9 km/h (2011 version), climbed stairs, poured drinks and navigated around people; thousands of public shows worldwide.", "price_usd": null, "price_note": "Never sold; rental to companies reported at about USD 150,000 per year in the 2000s.", "availability": "discontinued", "units_built_est": null, "units_deployed_est": null, "units_note": null, "customers": [], "summary": "ASIMO, unveiled by Honda on 31 October 2000, was the best known humanoid of its era, evolving through several versions until the 2011 model that ran at 9 km/h. Honda ended development in 2018 and retired the robot from public shows in 2022.", "highlights": [ "Unveiled 31 October 2000", "2011 version ran at 9 km/h with 57 DOF", "Retired 2022" ], "open_source": false, "open_source_note": null, "image": { "url": "/img/robots/asimo.webp", "width": 638, "height": 1000, "credit": "Morio via Wikimedia Commons", "license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Honda_ASIMO_(ver._2011)_2011_Tokyo_Motor_Show.jpg" }, "video_url": null, "sources": [ { "title": "ASIMO, Honda global", "url": "https://global.honda/innovation/robotics/ASIMO.html", "date": null, "publisher": "Honda" }, { "title": "ASIMO, Wikipedia", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASIMO", "date": null, "publisher": "Wikipedia" } ], "last_verified": null }, { "slug": "apptronik-astra", "name": "Astra", "aliases": [], "company": "apptronik", "country": "US", "category": "research", "status": "retired", "status_note": "Upper-body humanoid used for manipulation research and to develop Apollo; no longer promoted.", "first_revealed": "2022", "announced": null, "generation": null, "predecessor": null, "form": "upper-body", "height_cm": null, "weight_kg": null, "payload_kg": null, "dof": null, "hand_dof": null, "hands": null, "battery_kwh": null, "runtime_hours": null, "walk_speed_ms": null, "actuation": "electric", "compute": null, "sensors": null, "ai_stack": null, "teleoperation": "partial", "teleop_note": null, "autonomy_evidence": null, "price_usd": null, "price_note": "no public price", "availability": "not for sale", "units_built_est": null, "units_deployed_est": null, "units_note": null, "customers": [], "summary": "Astra was an upper-body humanoid Apptronik built in 2022 to develop dual-arm manipulation and teleoperation before Apollo. It was one of about ten robots the company built after its NASA Valkyrie work. It has been superseded by Apollo.", "highlights": [ "Upper-body precursor to Apollo", "Used for manipulation and teleoperation development" ], "open_source": false, "open_source_note": null, "image": null, "video_url": null, "sources": [ { "title": "Apptronik", "url": "https://apptronik.com/", "date": null, "publisher": "Apptronik" } ], "last_verified": null }, { "slug": "astribot-s1", "name": "Astribot S1", "aliases": [ "S1 (Astribot)" ], "company": "astribot", "country": "CN", "category": "general-purpose", "status": "limited-production", "status_note": "Shown in April 2024 and launched commercially in late 2024; sold to research and commercial pilot customers.", "first_revealed": "2024-04", "announced": null, "generation": 1, "predecessor": null, "form": "wheeled-base", "height_cm": null, "weight_kg": null, "payload_kg": 10, "dof": null, "hand_dof": null, "hands": "grippers or dexterous hands", "battery_kwh": null, "runtime_hours": null, "walk_speed_ms": null, "actuation": "electric, end effector speed up to 10 m/s", "compute": null, "sensors": null, "ai_stack": "imitation learning and VLA models trained on teleoperated data", "teleoperation": "partial", "teleop_note": "Launch video tasks were a mix of teleoperation and learned policies according to the company.", "autonomy_evidence": "Household tasks (folding clothes, pouring wine, calligraphy) in the 2024 launch video; autonomous cooking and tidying demos at launch events in 2025.", "price_usd": null, "price_note": "No public price.", "availability": "enterprise only", "units_built_est": null, "units_deployed_est": null, "units_note": null, "customers": [], "summary": "Astribot S1 is a wheeled dual-arm humanoid from Shenzhen startup Astribot (Stardust Intelligence) whose April 2024 video of fast household manipulation went viral. The company says each arm carries 10 kg and moves at up to 10 m/s.", "highlights": [ "10 m/s end effector speed claim", "Viral 2024 household task video" ], "open_source": false, "open_source_note": null, "image": { "url": "/img/robots/astribot-s1.webp", "width": 920, "height": 500, "credit": "Astribot press image", "license": null, "page": "https://www.astribot.com/" }, "video_url": null, "sources": [ { "title": "Astribot official site", "url": "https://www.astribot.com/", "date": null, "publisher": "Astribot" } ], "last_verified": null }, { "slug": "boston-dynamics-atlas-electric", "name": "Atlas (electric)", "aliases": [ "All New Atlas", "Atlas 2024" ], "company": "boston-dynamics", "country": "US", "category": "industrial", "status": "pilot", "status_note": "Production-intent design shown at CES 2026; testing with Hyundai Motor Group with factory deployment planned at HMGMA; not for sale.", "first_revealed": "2024-04-17", "announced": null, "generation": 2, "predecessor": "boston-dynamics-atlas-hydraulic", "form": "bipedal", "height_cm": null, "weight_kg": null, "payload_kg": null, "dof": null, "hand_dof": null, "hands": null, "battery_kwh": null, "runtime_hours": null, "walk_speed_ms": null, "actuation": "electric, custom high-torque rotary actuators, joints with 360 degree range", "compute": null, "sensors": null, "ai_stack": "Large behavior models with Toyota Research Institute; Google DeepMind Gemini Robotics partnership announced 2026", "teleoperation": "partial", "teleop_note": "Demos are autonomous; training data includes teleoperation.", "autonomy_evidence": "Videos of autonomous parts sequencing (October 2024) and whole-body manipulation with TRI (2025); Hyundai plant testing reported.", "price_usd": null, "price_note": "no public price", "availability": "not for sale", "units_built_est": null, "units_deployed_est": null, "units_note": null, "customers": [ "Hyundai Motor Group" ], "summary": "The electric Atlas, revealed on 17 April 2024, replaced the hydraulic Atlas with a fully electric design whose joints rotate through 360 degrees. Boston Dynamics is developing it as a commercial factory robot with Hyundai Motor Group and using large behavior models from Toyota Research Institute and Google DeepMind. A production-intent version was unveiled at CES in January 2026.", "highlights": [ "Fully electric with 360 degree joints", "Toyota Research Institute partnership (October 2024)", "Hyundai HMGMA testing; production version shown at CES 2026", "Google DeepMind Gemini Robotics partnership (2026)" ], "open_source": false, "open_source_note": null, "image": { "url": "/img/robots/boston-dynamics-atlas-electric.webp", "width": 1024, "height": 1024, "credit": "Boston Dynamics press image", "license": null, "page": "https://bostondynamics.com/atlas/" }, "video_url": "https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=29ECwExc-_M", "sources": [ { "title": "An electric new era for Atlas", "url": "https://bostondynamics.com/blog/electric-new-era-for-atlas/", "date": "2024-04-17", "publisher": "Boston Dynamics" }, { "title": "Atlas", "url": "https://bostondynamics.com/atlas/", "date": null, "publisher": "Boston Dynamics" }, { "title": "Atlas (robot)", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlas_(robot)", "date": null, "publisher": "Wikipedia" } ], "last_verified": "2026-09-04" }, { "slug": "boston-dynamics-atlas-hydraulic", "name": "Atlas (hydraulic)", "aliases": [ "HD Atlas", "Atlas Unplugged" ], "company": "boston-dynamics", "country": "US", "category": "research", "status": "retired", "status_note": "Retired on 16 April 2024 after 11 years as a research platform; replaced by the all-electric Atlas.", "first_revealed": "2013-07-11", "announced": null, "generation": 1, "predecessor": "boston-dynamics-petman", "form": "bipedal", "height_cm": 150, "weight_kg": 89, "payload_kg": 11, "dof": 28, "hand_dof": null, "hands": null, "battery_kwh": null, "runtime_hours": null, "walk_speed_ms": 2.5, "actuation": "hydraulic, 28 hydraulic joints, onboard battery from 2015 (Atlas Unplugged)", "compute": "three onboard computers", "sensors": "lidar and stereo vision", "ai_stack": null, "teleoperation": "no", "teleop_note": null, "autonomy_evidence": "Backflips (2017), parkour (2018 to 2021) and box handling videos; DARPA Robotics Challenge use 2013 to 2015 by several teams.", "price_usd": null, "price_note": "not sold; provided to DRC teams under DARPA funding", "availability": "not for sale", "units_built_est": null, "units_deployed_est": null, "units_note": "Seven copies were supplied to DARPA Robotics Challenge teams in 2013; later versions were internal.", "customers": [], "summary": "The hydraulic Atlas was unveiled in July 2013 for the DARPA Robotics Challenge and became the best-known research humanoid of the 2010s through its parkour and backflip videos. Later versions were 150 cm tall, 89 kg and had 28 hydraulic joints. Boston Dynamics retired it in April 2024.", "highlights": [ "Unveiled 11 July 2013 for the DARPA Robotics Challenge", "Untethered battery version (Atlas Unplugged) 2015", "Backflip video November 2017, parkour 2018 to 2021", "Retired 16 April 2024" ], "open_source": false, "open_source_note": null, "video_url": "https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-9EM5_VFlt8", "sources": [ { "title": "Atlas", "url": "https://bostondynamics.com/atlas/", "date": null, "publisher": "Boston Dynamics" }, { "title": "Atlas (robot)", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlas_(robot)", "date": null, "publisher": "Wikipedia" }, { "title": "Farewell to HD Atlas", "url": "https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-9EM5_VFlt8", "date": "2024-04-16", "publisher": "Boston Dynamics (YouTube)" } ], "last_verified": null }, { "slug": "atrias", "name": "ATRIAS", "aliases": [], "company": "oregon-state-university", "country": "US", "category": "research", "status": "retired", "status_note": "Retired after 2015; its spring mass design led to Cassie and Digit at Agility Robotics.", "first_revealed": "2012", "announced": null, "generation": 1, "predecessor": null, "form": "bipedal", "height_cm": null, "weight_kg": null, "payload_kg": null, "dof": null, "hand_dof": null, "hands": "none", "battery_kwh": null, "runtime_hours": null, "walk_speed_ms": null, "actuation": "electric motors with fibreglass leaf springs in series", "compute": "off board and onboard real time computers", "sensors": "joint encoders, IMU", "ai_stack": "spring loaded inverted pendulum inspired controllers", "teleoperation": "no", "teleop_note": null, "autonomy_evidence": "Demonstrated walking and running outdoors in 2015 and was the first robot to reproduce human walking dynamics closely", "price_usd": null, "price_note": "research prototype", "availability": "discontinued", "units_built_est": 3, "units_deployed_est": null, "units_note": "Copies were used at Oregon State, Michigan and Carnegie Mellon", "customers": [], "summary": "ATRIAS was a bipedal robot built at Oregon State University's Dynamic Robotics Laboratory under Jonathan Hurst to test the spring mass model of walking and running. It is not a full humanoid but its legs and controllers led directly to Agility Robotics' Cassie and Digit. It walked and ran outdoors and survived kicks and thrown balls.", "highlights": [ "First robot to match the spring mass gait dynamics of humans", "Direct ancestor of Cassie and Digit", "Built for DARPA funded research" ], "open_source": false, "open_source_note": null, "image": null, "video_url": null, "sources": [ { "title": "ATRIAS, Dynamic Robotics Laboratory", "url": "https://mime.oregonstate.edu/research/drl/atrias/", "date": null, "publisher": "Oregon State University" }, { "title": "Agility Robotics", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agility_Robotics", "date": null, "publisher": "Wikipedia" } ], "last_verified": "2026-09-04" }, { "slug": "berkeley-humanoid", "name": "Berkeley Humanoid", "aliases": [], "company": "uc-berkeley", "country": "US", "category": "research", "status": "research", "status_note": "Research platform of the Hybrid Robotics Lab; not for sale, succeeded by the open source Berkeley Humanoid Lite.", "first_revealed": "2024-07", "announced": null, "generation": 1, "predecessor": null, "form": "bipedal", "height_cm": 85, "weight_kg": 16, "payload_kg": null, "dof": 12, "hand_dof": null, "hands": "none in the base version", "battery_kwh": null, "runtime_hours": null, "walk_speed_ms": null, "actuation": "electric, custom quasi direct drive actuators", "compute": "onboard computer running learned policies", "sensors": "IMU, joint encoders", "ai_stack": "reinforcement learning policies trained in simulation", "teleoperation": "no", "teleop_note": null, "autonomy_evidence": "Paper and videos show learned walking on varied terrain and robustness to pushes, tested in the lab and outdoors on campus", "price_usd": null, "price_note": "reported build cost under 10,000 dollars per unit", "availability": "not for sale", "units_built_est": null, "units_deployed_est": null, "units_note": null, "customers": [], "summary": "Berkeley Humanoid is a mid sized, low cost bipedal research robot from UC Berkeley's Hybrid Robotics Lab, presented in a July 2024 paper as a reliable platform for learning based control. It was designed to be built and repaired by a small team and to survive many falls. It led to the fully open source Berkeley Humanoid Lite in 2025.", "highlights": [ "Designed for reinforcement learning research", "Low cost quasi direct drive actuators", "Withstands repeated falls" ], "open_source": false, "open_source_note": "Design details published in the paper; the Lite successor is fully open source", "image": null, "video_url": null, "sources": [ { "title": "Berkeley Humanoid: A Research Platform for Learning-based Control", "url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2407.21781", "date": "2024-07", "publisher": "arXiv" }, { "title": "Berkeley Humanoid", "url": "https://berkeley-humanoid.com/", "date": null, "publisher": "UC Berkeley" } ], "last_verified": "2026-09-04" }, { "slug": "berkeley-humanoid-lite", "name": "Berkeley Humanoid Lite", "aliases": [], "company": "uc-berkeley", "country": "US", "category": "research", "status": "research", "status_note": "Open source design that anyone can build for under 5,000 dollars in parts; not sold as a product.", "first_revealed": "2025-04", "announced": null, "generation": 2, "predecessor": "berkeley-humanoid", "form": "bipedal", "height_cm": null, "weight_kg": null, "payload_kg": null, "dof": 22, "hand_dof": null, "hands": "optional simple grippers", "battery_kwh": null, "runtime_hours": null, "walk_speed_ms": null, "actuation": "electric, 3D printed cycloidal gearboxes with off the shelf motors", "compute": "onboard single board computer", "sensors": "IMU, joint encoders, camera", "ai_stack": "reinforcement learning policies, open training code", "teleoperation": "partial", "teleop_note": "Supports a low cost teleoperation setup for data collection", "autonomy_evidence": "Paper shows learned walking and a whole body policy; videos of the robot walking and being teleoperated for manipulation", "price_usd": 5000, "price_note": "bill of materials under 5,000 dollars", "availability": "not for sale", "units_built_est": null, "units_deployed_est": null, "units_note": "Built by several labs and hobbyists from the open design", "customers": [], "summary": "Berkeley Humanoid Lite is a fully open source, 3D printed, mid sized humanoid from UC Berkeley intended to make humanoid research accessible. All hardware, firmware, simulation and training code are public and the parts cost under 5,000 dollars. It uses 3D printed cycloidal actuators that can be rebuilt after failure.", "highlights": [ "Full hardware and software open source", "Under 5,000 dollars bill of materials", "3D printed cycloidal actuators" ], "open_source": true, "open_source_note": "Hardware and software released under open licences on GitHub", "image": null, "video_url": null, "sources": [ { "title": "Berkeley Humanoid Lite: An Open-source, Accessible, and Customizable 3D-printed Humanoid Robot", "url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2504.17249", "date": "2025-04", "publisher": "arXiv" }, { "title": "Berkeley Humanoid Lite", "url": "https://lite.berkeley-humanoid.org/", "date": null, "publisher": "UC Berkeley" } ], "last_verified": "2026-09-04" }, { "slug": "booster-k1", "name": "Booster K1", "aliases": [ "K1 (Booster)" ], "company": "booster-robotics", "country": "CN", "category": "education", "status": "commercial", "status_note": "Smaller, cheaper sibling of T1 launched 2025.", "first_revealed": "2025", "announced": null, "generation": 1, "predecessor": null, "form": "bipedal", "height_cm": 95, "weight_kg": 15, "payload_kg": null, "dof": 22, "hand_dof": null, "hands": null, "battery_kwh": null, "runtime_hours": null, "walk_speed_ms": null, "actuation": "electric", "compute": null, "sensors": null, "ai_stack": null, "teleoperation": "partial", "teleop_note": null, "autonomy_evidence": "Soccer and locomotion demos.", "price_usd": 5999, "price_note": "Public list price unverified.", "availability": "in stock", "units_built_est": null, "units_deployed_est": null, "units_note": null, "customers": [], "summary": "K1 is Booster's entry-level education humanoid, under one metre tall and about 15 kg.", "highlights": [], "open_source": false, "open_source_note": null, "image": { "url": "/img/robots/booster-k1.webp", "width": 1200, "height": 665, "credit": "Booster Robotics press image", "license": null, "page": "https://www.booster.tech/" }, "video_url": null, "sources": [ { "title": "Booster Robotics official site", "url": "https://www.boosterobotics.com/", "date": null, "publisher": "Booster Robotics" } ], "last_verified": "2026-09-04" }, { "slug": "booster-t1", "name": "Booster T1", "aliases": [ "T1 (Booster)" ], "company": "booster-robotics", "country": "CN", "category": "education", "status": "commercial", "status_note": "Research and competition humanoid, the standard platform of the RoboCup humanoid kid-size league since 2025.", "first_revealed": "2024", "announced": null, "generation": 1, "predecessor": null, "form": "bipedal", "height_cm": 118, "weight_kg": 30, "payload_kg": null, "dof": 23, "hand_dof": null, "hands": null, "battery_kwh": null, "runtime_hours": null, "walk_speed_ms": null, "actuation": "electric", "compute": "Nvidia Jetson AGX Orin", "sensors": "RGB-D camera", "ai_stack": "RL locomotion with open SDK", "teleoperation": "partial", "teleop_note": null, "autonomy_evidence": "Autonomous soccer at RoboCup 2025; standing up after falls.", "price_usd": 29800, "price_note": "Public list price unverified.", "availability": "in stock", "units_built_est": null, "units_deployed_est": null, "units_note": null, "customers": [], "summary": "Booster T1 is a 1.18 m robust humanoid built for research and robot soccer. Its ability to survive falls made it popular with university RoboCup teams.", "highlights": [ "RoboCup 2025 platform" ], "open_source": false, "open_source_note": "SDK open; hardware proprietary.", "image": { "url": "/img/robots/booster-t1.webp", "width": 1200, "height": 892, "credit": "Booster Robotics press image", "license": null, "page": "https://www.booster.tech/" }, "video_url": null, "sources": [ { "title": "Booster Robotics official site", "url": "https://www.boosterobotics.com/", "date": null, "publisher": "Booster Robotics" } ], "last_verified": "2026-09-04" }, { "slug": "bruce", "name": "BRUCE", "aliases": [ "Bipedal Robot Unit with Compliance Enhanced" ], "company": "ucla", "country": "US", "category": "research", "status": "research", "status_note": "Open platform from UCLA's RoMeLa lab, commercialised as a kit by Westwood Robotics.", "first_revealed": "2022", "announced": null, "generation": 1, "predecessor": null, "form": "bipedal", "height_cm": null, "weight_kg": null, "payload_kg": null, "dof": 16, "hand_dof": null, "hands": "none", "battery_kwh": null, "runtime_hours": null, "walk_speed_ms": null, "actuation": "electric, proprioceptive actuators", "compute": "onboard computer", "sensors": "IMU, joint encoders", "ai_stack": "open control software", "teleoperation": "no", "teleop_note": null, "autonomy_evidence": "Dynamic walking and balance demonstrations in the lab", "price_usd": null, "price_note": "kit price from Westwood Robotics not public", "availability": "enterprise only", "units_built_est": null, "units_deployed_est": null, "units_note": null, "customers": [], "summary": "BRUCE is a kid size bipedal robot developed at UCLA's Robotics and Mechanisms Laboratory under Dennis Hong, with proprioceptive actuators and an open software stack intended for dynamic locomotion research. Westwood Robotics sells it as a research kit. It follows RoMeLa's earlier open platforms such as DARwIn-OP.", "highlights": [ "Open research platform from RoMeLa", "Proprioceptive actuators for dynamic walking", "Sold as a kit by Westwood Robotics" ], "open_source": true, "open_source_note": "Software open; hardware sold as a kit", "image": null, "video_url": null, "sources": [ { "title": "BRUCE", "url": "https://www.romela.org/bruce/", "date": null, "publisher": "UCLA RoMeLa" } ], "last_verified": "2026-09-04" }, { "slug": "wandercraft-calvin-40", "name": "Calvin-40", "aliases": [ "Calvin" ], "company": "wandercraft", "country": "FR", "category": "industrial", "status": "prototype", "status_note": "Industrial humanoid built in 40 days from exoskeleton technology; pilot planned with Renault.", "first_revealed": "2025-06", "announced": null, "generation": null, "predecessor": null, "form": "exoskeleton-derived", "height_cm": null, "weight_kg": null, "payload_kg": null, "dof": null, "hand_dof": null, "hands": null, "battery_kwh": null, "runtime_hours": null, "walk_speed_ms": null, "actuation": "electric, from Wandercraft Eve exoskeleton", "compute": null, "sensors": null, "ai_stack": null, "teleoperation": "partial", "teleop_note": null, "autonomy_evidence": null, "price_usd": null, "price_note": "no public price", "availability": "not for sale", "units_built_est": null, "units_deployed_est": null, "units_note": null, "customers": [ "Renault Group" ], "summary": "Calvin-40 is Wandercraft's first humanoid, built in 40 days in 2025 by reusing the actuators and balance control of its self-balancing exoskeletons. It is aimed at automotive plants, with Renault as launch partner and investor.", "highlights": [ "Derived from Atalante and Eve exoskeletons", "Renault partnership and investment (June 2025)" ], "open_source": false, "open_source_note": null, "image": { "url": "/img/robots/wandercraft-calvin-40.webp", "width": 625, "height": 1131, "credit": "Wandercraft press image", "license": null, "page": "https://www.wandercraft.eu/" }, "video_url": null, "sources": [ { "title": "Wandercraft", "url": "https://www.wandercraft.eu/", "date": null, "publisher": "Wandercraft" } ], "last_verified": null }, { "slug": "casbot-01", "name": "CASBOT 01", "aliases": [ "CASBOT01", "Lingbao CASBOT 01" ], "company": "casbot", "country": "CN", "category": "general-purpose", "status": "prototype", "status_note": "Full-size humanoid revealed November 2024 by a Chinese Academy of Sciences spin-out; CASBOT 02 followed in 2025.", "first_revealed": "2024-11", "announced": null, "generation": 1, "predecessor": null, "form": "bipedal", "height_cm": 179, "weight_kg": 60, "payload_kg": null, "dof": 52, "hand_dof": null, "hands": "dexterous hands", "battery_kwh": null, "runtime_hours": null, "walk_speed_ms": null, "actuation": "electric", "compute": null, "sensors": null, "ai_stack": null, "teleoperation": "partial", "teleop_note": null, "autonomy_evidence": null, "price_usd": null, "price_note": null, "availability": "not for sale", "units_built_est": null, "units_deployed_est": null, "units_note": null, "customers": [], "summary": "CASBOT 01 is a 179 cm humanoid from Beijing startup CASBOT, spun out of the Chinese Academy of Sciences.", "highlights": [], "open_source": false, "open_source_note": null, "image": null, "video_url": null, "sources": [ { "title": "CASBOT official site", "url": "https://www.casbot.com/", "date": null, "publisher": "CASBOT" } ], "last_verified": null }, { "slug": "agility-cassie", "name": "Cassie", "aliases": [], "company": "agility-robotics", "country": "US", "category": "research", "status": "discontinued", "status_note": "Bipedal research platform sold to universities from 2017; no longer produced after Digit took over.", "first_revealed": "2017-02", "announced": null, "generation": null, "predecessor": null, "form": "bipedal", "height_cm": null, "weight_kg": null, "payload_kg": null, "dof": null, "hand_dof": null, "hands": null, "battery_kwh": null, "runtime_hours": null, "walk_speed_ms": null, "actuation": "electric, series elastic legs", "compute": null, "sensors": null, "ai_stack": null, "teleoperation": "partial", "teleop_note": null, "autonomy_evidence": "Set a Guinness World Record for a bipedal robot 100 m run (24.73 s) at Oregon State University in May 2022.", "price_usd": null, "price_note": "sold to research labs; price not public", "availability": "discontinued", "units_built_est": null, "units_deployed_est": null, "units_note": null, "customers": [], "summary": "Cassie was a legs-only bipedal robot derived from Oregon State University's ATRIAS research and sold by Agility Robotics to universities from 2017. Its ostrich-like legs became a common platform for reinforcement learning locomotion research. It set a 100 m record for bipedal robots in 2022.", "highlights": [ "Derived from OSU ATRIAS biped", "Guinness 100 m record 24.73 s (2022)", "Basis for Digit's legs" ], "open_source": false, "open_source_note": null, "image": null, "video_url": null, "sources": [ { "title": "Cassie (robot)", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cassie_(robot)", "date": null, "publisher": "Wikipedia" }, { "title": "Agility Robotics", "url": "https://www.agilityrobotics.com/", "date": null, "publisher": "Agility Robotics" } ], "last_verified": null }, { "slug": "chery-mornine", "name": "Chery Mornine", "aliases": [ "Mornine", "AiMOGA Mornine", "Mornine Gen 1" ], "company": "chery", "country": "CN", "category": "service", "status": "limited-production", "status_note": "Female-styled reception humanoid deployed in Chery dealerships in China and Malaysia since 2025.", "first_revealed": "2024-11", "announced": null, "generation": 1, "predecessor": null, "form": "bipedal", "height_cm": 167, "weight_kg": null, "payload_kg": null, "dof": null, "hand_dof": null, "hands": "five-finger hands", "battery_kwh": null, "runtime_hours": null, "walk_speed_ms": null, "actuation": "electric", "compute": null, "sensors": null, "ai_stack": "DeepSeek-based conversational model", "teleoperation": "unknown", "teleop_note": null, "autonomy_evidence": "Showroom greeting, product explanation and drink serving in Chery stores.", "price_usd": 42200, "price_note": "No public price.", "availability": "enterprise only", "units_built_est": null, "units_deployed_est": null, "units_note": "Chery reported hundreds of dealer orders in 2025 (verify).", "customers": [ "Chery dealerships" ], "summary": "Mornine is a showroom humanoid from Chery's AiMOGA robotics unit, deployed in Chery car dealerships from 2025 and exported to Malaysia.", "highlights": [ "Deployed in car showrooms in China and Malaysia" ], "open_source": false, "open_source_note": null, "image": null, "video_url": null, "sources": [ { "title": "Chery International news", "url": "https://www.cheryinternational.com/", "date": null, "publisher": "Chery" } ], "last_verified": "2026-09-04" }, { "slug": "clone-alpha", "name": "Clone Alpha", "aliases": [], "company": "clone-robotics", "country": "PL", "category": "home", "status": "concept", "status_note": "Announced for preorder in December 2024 with 279 units in a first batch; no delivered unit or public price confirmed.", "first_revealed": null, "announced": "2024-12", "generation": 2, "predecessor": "clone-protoclone", "form": "bipedal", "height_cm": null, "weight_kg": null, "payload_kg": null, "dof": null, "hand_dof": null, "hands": null, "battery_kwh": null, "runtime_hours": null, "walk_speed_ms": null, "actuation": "hydraulic artificial muscles", "compute": null, "sensors": null, "ai_stack": null, "teleoperation": "unknown", "teleop_note": null, "autonomy_evidence": null, "price_usd": null, "price_note": "no public price", "availability": "preorder", "units_built_est": null, "units_deployed_est": null, "units_note": "279 units announced for the first production batch.", "customers": [], "summary": "Clone Alpha is the planned home android built on Clone Robotics' musculoskeletal technology, announced in December 2024 with a first batch of 279 preorder units. As of 2026 it remains a concept with no confirmed deliveries.", "highlights": [ "279 unit first batch announced", "Based on Protoclone musculoskeletal design" ], "open_source": false, "open_source_note": null, "image": { "url": "/img/robots/clone-alpha.webp", "width": 1200, "height": 675, "credit": "Clone Robotics press image", "license": null, "page": "https://clonerobotics.com/" }, "video_url": null, "sources": [ { "title": "Clone Robotics", "url": "https://clonerobotics.com/", "date": null, "publisher": "Clone Robotics" } ], "last_verified": null }, { "slug": "cog", "name": "Cog", "aliases": [ "MIT Cog" ], "company": "mit", "country": "US", "category": "research", "status": "retired", "status_note": "Project ended in 2003; the robot is preserved at the MIT Museum.", "first_revealed": "1993", "announced": null, "generation": 1, "predecessor": null, "form": "upper-body", "height_cm": null, "weight_kg": null, "payload_kg": null, "dof": null, "hand_dof": null, "hands": "simple grippers, later a hand with limited fingers", "battery_kwh": null, "runtime_hours": null, "walk_speed_ms": null, "actuation": "electric motors with series elastic actuators in the arms", "compute": "network of Motorola 68332 processors, later PCs", "sensors": "foveated stereo cameras, microphones, gyroscopes, tactile sensors", "ai_stack": "behaviour based architecture (subsumption)", "teleoperation": "no", "teleop_note": null, "autonomy_evidence": "Demonstrated gaze following, reaching to visual targets, imitation of simple gestures and rhythmic tasks such as drumming", "price_usd": null, "price_note": "research prototype", "availability": "discontinued", "units_built_est": 1, "units_deployed_est": null, "units_note": null, "customers": [], "summary": "Cog was an upper body humanoid built at the MIT Artificial Intelligence Laboratory under Rodney Brooks from 1993 to 2003. It was designed to test the idea that intelligence requires a human like body and social interaction. Work on Cog and its sibling Kismet shaped the field of developmental and social robotics.", "highlights": [ "First large humanoid research program in the United States", "Series elastic actuators were pioneered on its arms", "Preserved at the MIT Museum" ], "open_source": false, "open_source_note": null, "image": { "url": "/img/robots/cog.webp", "width": 1200, "height": 1200, "credit": "Rama via Wikimedia Commons", "license": "CC BY-SA 3.0 fr", "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cog-IMG_5995-gradient.jpg" }, "video_url": null, "sources": [ { "title": "Cog (project)", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cog_(project)", "date": null, "publisher": "Wikipedia" } ], "last_verified": "2026-09-04" }, { "slug": "darwin-op", "name": "DARwIn-OP", "aliases": [ "DARwIn OP", "ROBOTIS OP" ], "company": "robotis", "country": "KR", "category": "research", "status": "discontinued", "status_note": "Succeeded by ROBOTIS OP2 and OP3.", "first_revealed": "2010-12", "announced": null, "generation": 1, "predecessor": null, "form": "bipedal", "height_cm": 45.5, "weight_kg": 2.9, "payload_kg": null, "dof": 20, "hand_dof": null, "hands": "none", "battery_kwh": null, "runtime_hours": null, "walk_speed_ms": null, "actuation": "electric, Dynamixel MX-28 servos", "compute": "Intel Atom based single board computer", "sensors": "camera, IMU, joint encoders", "ai_stack": "open source walking and vision framework", "teleoperation": "no", "teleop_note": null, "autonomy_evidence": "Widely used in the RoboCup Humanoid League kid size class, where DARwIn-OP teams won championships", "price_usd": 12000, "price_note": "approximately 12,000 dollars at launch", "availability": "discontinued", "units_built_est": null, "units_deployed_est": null, "units_note": "Hundreds sold to universities", "customers": [], "summary": "DARwIn-OP (Dynamic Anthropomorphic Robot with Intelligence, Open Platform) is a 45 cm open hardware and open software humanoid developed by Virginia Tech's RoMeLa lab with Purdue, Penn and Robotis under a US National Science Foundation grant. Released in late 2010, it became the standard kid size platform in RoboCup and in university teaching. Robotis productised it and followed with OP2 and OP3.", "highlights": [ "Fully open hardware and software", "NSF funded academic platform", "Standard RoboCup kid size robot of the 2010s" ], "open_source": true, "open_source_note": "Mechanical drawings, electronics and code released publicly", "image": null, "video_url": null, "sources": [ { "title": "DARwIn-OP", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DARwIn-OP", "date": null, "publisher": "Wikipedia" }, { "title": "ROBOTIS OP", "url": "https://emanual.robotis.com/docs/en/platform/op3/introduction/", "date": null, "publisher": "Robotis" } ], "last_verified": "2026-09-04" }, { "slug": "dataa-ginger", "name": "Dataa Ginger (XR-1)", "aliases": [ "Cloud Ginger", "XR-1", "Ginger 2.0" ], "company": "dataa-robotics", "country": "CN", "category": "service", "status": "discontinued", "status_note": "Cloud-connected wheeled service humanoid deployed in hotels, malls and hospitals 2019 to 2023; the company ran into financial trouble in 2024.", "first_revealed": "2019", "announced": null, "generation": 1, "predecessor": null, "form": "wheeled-base", "height_cm": null, "weight_kg": null, "payload_kg": null, "dof": 34, "hand_dof": null, "hands": "flexible joint hands", "battery_kwh": null, "runtime_hours": null, "walk_speed_ms": null, "actuation": "electric (smart compliant actuators)", "compute": null, "sensors": null, "ai_stack": "cloud brain architecture (HARIX)", "teleoperation": "partial", "teleop_note": "Cloud operators can take over tasks.", "autonomy_evidence": "Reception and guidance in commercial venues; COVID-era hospital deployments in Shanghai.", "price_usd": null, "price_note": null, "availability": "discontinued", "units_built_est": null, "units_deployed_est": null, "units_note": null, "customers": [], "summary": "Ginger (XR-1) was the wheeled service humanoid of CloudMinds, later renamed Dataa Robotics, one of the earliest Chinese humanoids used commercially. Its cloud-brain approach predates the current wave.", "highlights": [ "Cloud-brain service robot from 2019" ], "open_source": false, "open_source_note": null, "image": { "url": "/img/robots/dataa-ginger.webp", "width": 812, "height": 852, "credit": "Dataa Robotics press image", "license": null, "page": "https://www.dataarobotics.com/" }, "video_url": null, "sources": [ { "title": "Dataa Robotics official site", "url": "https://www.dataarobotics.com/", "date": null, "publisher": "Dataa Robotics" } ], "last_verified": null }, { "slug": "dexter", "name": "Dexter", "aliases": [ "Anybots Dexter" ], "company": "anybots", "country": "US", "category": "research", "status": "retired", "status_note": "Development stopped around 2008 when Anybots shifted to the QB telepresence robot.", "first_revealed": "2007", "announced": null, "generation": 1, "predecessor": null, "form": "bipedal", "height_cm": null, "weight_kg": null, "payload_kg": null, "dof": null, "hand_dof": null, "hands": "simple hands", "battery_kwh": null, "runtime_hours": null, "walk_speed_ms": null, "actuation": "pneumatic actuators with a compressed air tether", "compute": "off board PC", "sensors": "joint sensors, gyroscopes", "ai_stack": "learned balance controller", "teleoperation": "partial", "teleop_note": "Balance was autonomous; commands were sent by an operator", "autonomy_evidence": "Videos in 2007 show dynamic balancing, walking and jumping; described as one of the first dynamically balancing bipeds that did not rely on zero moment point walking", "price_usd": null, "price_note": "never for sale", "availability": "discontinued", "units_built_est": 1, "units_deployed_est": null, "units_note": null, "customers": [], "summary": "Dexter was a pneumatically actuated, dynamically balancing bipedal robot built by Anybots, a Silicon Valley startup founded by Trevor Blackwell. Its 2007 videos of a robot balancing and jumping without static walking were an early demonstration of learning based balance. Anybots later pivoted to telepresence robots.", "highlights": [ "Dynamic balancing biped, not ZMP based", "Pneumatic actuation with air tether", "Predecessor of Anybots' Monty and QB robots" ], "open_source": false, "open_source_note": null, "image": null, "video_url": null, "sources": [ { "title": "Anybots", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anybots", "date": null, "publisher": "Wikipedia" } ], "last_verified": "2026-09-04" }, { "slug": "agility-digit-v4", "name": "Digit", "aliases": [ "Digit v4", "Digit 2023" ], "company": "agility-robotics", "country": "US", "category": "logistics", "status": "commercial", "status_note": "Offered as robots-as-a-service for tote handling; deployed with GXO and others; built at RoboFab in Salem, Oregon.", "first_revealed": "2023-03-20", "announced": null, "generation": 2, "predecessor": "agility-digit", "form": "bipedal", "height_cm": 175, "weight_kg": 65, "payload_kg": 16, "dof": null, "hand_dof": null, "hands": "two-finger end effectors designed for totes", "battery_kwh": null, "runtime_hours": null, "walk_speed_ms": null, "actuation": "electric", "compute": null, "sensors": "head with LED eyes, depth cameras, lidar", "ai_stack": "Agility Arc cloud platform for fleet management; reinforcement learning locomotion", "teleoperation": "partial", "teleop_note": "Operates autonomously on tote moves; remote monitoring via Agility Arc.", "autonomy_evidence": "GXO deployment at a Spanx facility in Georgia since 2024 was reported by GXO and multiple outlets as the first formal RaaS humanoid deployment; Amazon tested Digit in 2023.", "price_usd": null, "price_note": "RaaS only; pricing not public", "availability": "enterprise only", "units_built_est": null, "units_deployed_est": null, "units_note": null, "customers": [ "GXO Logistics", "Amazon (test)", "Schaeffler" ], "summary": "The 2023 Digit added a head, improved hands and a taller frame, and is the version Agility Robotics sells as a service for moving totes in warehouses. It was the first humanoid with a paid, multi-year commercial deployment (GXO, 2024) and is built at Agility's RoboFab factory. Schaeffler invested in Agility in 2024 and planned to deploy Digit in its plants.", "highlights": [ "175 cm, 65 kg, 16 kg payload", "GXO multi-year RaaS deployment (June 2024)", "RoboFab factory opened September 2023, capacity up to 10,000 per year", "Schaeffler investment and deployment plan (September 2024)" ], "open_source": false, "open_source_note": null, "image": { "url": "/img/robots/agility-digit-v4.webp", "width": 900, "height": 1200, "credit": "Agility Robotics press image", "license": null, "page": "https://www.agilityrobotics.com/" }, "video_url": null, "sources": [ { "title": "Agility Robotics", "url": "https://www.agilityrobotics.com/", "date": null, "publisher": "Agility Robotics" }, { "title": "Agility Robotics", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agility_Robotics", "date": null, "publisher": "Wikipedia" } ], "last_verified": null }, { "slug": "agility-digit", "name": "Digit (v1 to v3)", "aliases": [ "Digit v1", "Digit v2", "Digit v3" ], "company": "agility-robotics", "country": "US", "category": "logistics", "status": "retired", "status_note": "Early Digit versions (2019 to 2022) sold to Ford and research customers; superseded by the 2023 Digit with head and hands.", "first_revealed": "2019-02", "announced": null, "generation": 1, "predecessor": "agility-cassie", "form": "bipedal", "height_cm": null, "weight_kg": null, "payload_kg": null, "dof": null, "hand_dof": null, "hands": null, "battery_kwh": null, "runtime_hours": null, "walk_speed_ms": null, "actuation": "electric", "compute": null, "sensors": null, "ai_stack": null, "teleoperation": "partial", "teleop_note": null, "autonomy_evidence": null, "price_usd": 250000, "price_note": "early units reportedly sold for around USD 250,000; not confirmed by Agility", "availability": "enterprise only", "units_built_est": null, "units_deployed_est": null, "units_note": null, "customers": [ "Ford Motor Company" ], "summary": "Digit added a torso, arms and perception to the Cassie legs and was first shown in February 2019. Ford bought the first two units in 2020 for last-mile delivery research, and v2 and v3 added better perception and hands-free manipulation of totes. These versions were superseded by the 2023 Digit.", "highlights": [ "First shown February 2019", "Ford bought the first two units (2020)", "Tote handling demos 2021 to 2022" ], "open_source": false, "open_source_note": null, "image": null, "video_url": null, "sources": [ { "title": "Agility Robotics", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agility_Robotics", "date": null, "publisher": "Wikipedia" }, { "title": "Agility Robotics", "url": "https://www.agilityrobotics.com/", "date": null, "publisher": "Agility Robotics" } ], "last_verified": "2026-09-04" }, { "slug": "dobot-atom", "name": "Dobot Atom", "aliases": [ "Atom" ], "company": "dobot", "country": "CN", "category": "general-purpose", "status": "commercial", "status_note": "Announced March 2025 at CNY 199,000 with deliveries starting mid 2025.", "first_revealed": "2025-03", "announced": null, "generation": 1, "predecessor": null, "form": "bipedal", "height_cm": 153, "weight_kg": 62, "payload_kg": null, "dof": 28, "hand_dof": null, "hands": "five-finger hands", "battery_kwh": null, "runtime_hours": null, "walk_speed_ms": null, "actuation": "electric", "compute": null, "sensors": null, "ai_stack": null, "teleoperation": "partial", "teleop_note": null, "autonomy_evidence": "Breakfast preparation demo with sub-millimetre positioning claim at launch; straight-leg walking.", "price_usd": 27500, "price_note": "CNY 199,000 list price (about USD 27,500).", "availability": "preorder", "units_built_est": null, "units_deployed_est": null, "units_note": null, "customers": [], "summary": "Atom is the first humanoid from Dobot, a Shenzhen collaborative-robot maker listed in Hong Kong. It launched at CNY 199,000 with claims of 0.05 mm arm precision.", "highlights": [ "CNY 199,000 list price", "Made by an established cobot manufacturer" ], "open_source": false, "open_source_note": null, "image": { "url": "/img/robots/dobot-atom.webp", "width": 1200, "height": 675, "credit": "Dobot press image", "license": null, "page": "https://www.dobot-robots.com/" }, "video_url": null, "sources": [ { "title": "Dobot official site", "url": "https://www.dobot-robots.com/", "date": null, "publisher": "Dobot" } ], "last_verified": "2026-09-04" }, { "slug": "draco-3", "name": "Draco 3", "aliases": [ "DRACO 3" ], "company": "ut-austin", "country": "US", "category": "research", "status": "research", "status_note": "Research humanoid of UT Austin's Human Centered Robotics Lab built with Apptronik; used for whole body control research.", "first_revealed": "2022", "announced": null, "generation": 3, "predecessor": null, "form": "bipedal", "height_cm": null, "weight_kg": null, "payload_kg": null, "dof": null, "hand_dof": null, "hands": "none in base configuration", "battery_kwh": null, "runtime_hours": null, "walk_speed_ms": null, "actuation": "electric, liquid cooled viscoelastic actuators", "compute": "onboard real time computer", "sensors": "IMU, joint encoders, cameras", "ai_stack": "whole body controllers and learned policies", "teleoperation": "no", "teleop_note": null, "autonomy_evidence": "Published walking and balancing experiments in lab settings", "price_usd": null, "price_note": "research prototype", "availability": "not for sale", "units_built_est": null, "units_deployed_est": null, "units_note": null, "customers": [], "summary": "Draco 3 is a lightweight bipedal humanoid developed by the Human Centered Robotics Lab at the University of Texas at Austin together with Apptronik. It uses liquid cooled viscoelastic actuators and a compact leg design for agile walking. The lab's collaboration with Apptronik links academic research to the Apollo commercial humanoid.", "highlights": [ "Liquid cooled viscoelastic actuators", "Joint project with Apptronik", "Platform for whole body control research" ], "open_source": false, "open_source_note": null, "image": null, "video_url": null, "sources": [ { "title": "Human Centered Robotics Lab", "url": "https://sites.utexas.edu/hcrl/", "date": null, "publisher": "UT Austin" } ], "last_verified": "2026-09-04" }, { "slug": "drc-hubo", "name": "DRC-HUBO+", "aliases": [ "DRC-HUBO", "HUBO DRC" ], "company": "kaist", "country": "KR", "category": "research", "status": "retired", "status_note": "Winner of the DARPA Robotics Challenge Finals in June 2015; retired to research and museum display.", "first_revealed": "2015-06", "announced": null, "generation": 3, "predecessor": "rainbow-hubo2", "form": "bipedal", "height_cm": 170, "weight_kg": 80, "payload_kg": null, "dof": 32, "hand_dof": null, "hands": "three-finger grippers", "battery_kwh": null, "runtime_hours": null, "walk_speed_ms": null, "actuation": "electric with wheels on knees for kneeling drive mode", "compute": null, "sensors": "LiDAR, cameras", "ai_stack": null, "teleoperation": "partial", "teleop_note": "Supervised teleoperation under DRC rules.", "autonomy_evidence": "Completed all eight DRC Finals tasks in 44 minutes 28 seconds on 6 June 2015.", "price_usd": null, "price_note": "Research robot.", "availability": "not for sale", "units_built_est": null, "units_deployed_est": null, "units_note": null, "customers": [], "summary": "DRC-HUBO+ from Team KAIST won the 2015 DARPA Robotics Challenge Finals and the USD 2 million prize, using a transformable design that kneels onto wheels for stable driving.", "highlights": [ "Won DARPA Robotics Challenge Finals 2015", "Kneels onto knee wheels" ], "open_source": false, "open_source_note": null, "image": null, "video_url": null, "sources": [ { "title": "DARPA Robotics Challenge Finals results", "url": "https://www.darpa.mov/news-events/2015-06-06", "date": null, "publisher": "DARPA" }, { "title": "HUBO, Wikipedia", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HUBO", "date": null, "publisher": "Wikipedia" } ], "last_verified": null }, { "slug": "elektro", "name": "Elektro", "aliases": [ "Elektro the Moto-Man" ], "company": "westinghouse", "country": "US", "category": "historic", "status": "retired", "status_note": "Museum piece at the Mansfield Memorial Museum, Ohio; last operated in the 1950s and 1960s.", "first_revealed": "1939-04-30", "announced": null, "generation": 1, "predecessor": null, "form": "bipedal", "height_cm": 210, "weight_kg": 120, "payload_kg": null, "dof": null, "hand_dof": null, "hands": "fixed fingers; could move arms and head", "battery_kwh": null, "runtime_hours": null, "walk_speed_ms": null, "actuation": "electric motors, relays and photoelectric cells; walked by rolling on wheels under the feet", "compute": "relay logic triggered by spoken word count", "sensors": "photoelectric cells, microphone", "ai_stack": null, "teleoperation": "yes", "teleop_note": "Controlled by an operator's voice commands counted as relay pulses", "autonomy_evidence": "None; all behaviour was pre recorded and triggered by an operator", "price_usd": null, "price_note": "never for sale", "availability": "discontinued", "units_built_est": 1, "units_deployed_est": null, "units_note": "One Elektro; a robot dog Sparko was added in 1940", "customers": [], "summary": "Elektro was a 2.1 meter aluminium humanoid built by Westinghouse for the 1939 New York World's Fair. It walked on rollers, spoke about 700 words played from records, blew up balloons and smoked cigarettes. It is the best known pre computer humanoid and shaped the popular image of the robot.", "highlights": [ "Star attraction of the 1939 and 1940 New York World's Fair", "Speech from 78 rpm records, about 700 word vocabulary", "Survives in the Mansfield Memorial Museum" ], "open_source": false, "open_source_note": null, "video_url": null, "sources": [ { "title": "Elektro", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektro", "date": null, "publisher": "Wikipedia" } ], "last_verified": "2026-09-04", "image": { "url": "/img/robots/elektro.webp", "width": 900, "height": 1200, "credit": "Daderot via Wikimedia Commons", "license": "Public domain", "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Senator_John_Heinz_History_Center_-_IMG_7802.JPG" } }, { "slug": "engineai-pm01", "name": "EngineAI PM01", "aliases": [ "PM01" ], "company": "engineai", "country": "CN", "category": "research", "status": "commercial", "status_note": "Compact humanoid on sale since early 2025, popular for its price and open interfaces; performed the first front flip by a humanoid in March 2025.", "first_revealed": "2024-12", "announced": null, "generation": 1, "predecessor": null, "form": "bipedal", "height_cm": 138, "weight_kg": 40, "payload_kg": null, "dof": 24, "hand_dof": null, "hands": null, "battery_kwh": null, "runtime_hours": null, "walk_speed_ms": 2, "actuation": "electric", "compute": "Intel N97 plus Nvidia Jetson Orin NX", "sensors": "Intel RealSense depth camera", "ai_stack": null, "teleoperation": "partial", "teleop_note": null, "autonomy_evidence": "Front flip (March 2025), dance and walking demos.", "price_usd": 13700, "price_note": "Launch price CNY 88,000 (about USD 12,000 to 13,700 depending on exchange rate).", "availability": "in stock", "units_built_est": null, "units_deployed_est": null, "units_note": null, "customers": [], "summary": "PM01 is EngineAI's 1.38 m humanoid sold at CNY 88,000, with a design that includes a chest display. It was the first humanoid shown doing a standing front flip.", "highlights": [ "Front flip, March 2025", "CNY 88,000 launch price" ], "open_source": false, "open_source_note": "Open interfaces and SDK; hardware proprietary.", "image": null, "video_url": null, "sources": [ { "title": "EngineAI official site", "url": "https://www.engineai.com.cn/", "date": null, "publisher": "EngineAI" } ], "last_verified": "2026-09-04" }, { "slug": "engineai-se01", "name": "EngineAI SE01", "aliases": [ "SE01" ], "company": "engineai", "country": "CN", "category": "general-purpose", "status": "limited-production", "status_note": "Full-size humanoid revealed October 2024, known for a straight-knee human-like gait; small-batch deliveries in 2025.", "first_revealed": "2024-10", "announced": null, "generation": 1, "predecessor": null, "form": "bipedal", "height_cm": 170, "weight_kg": 55, "payload_kg": null, "dof": 32, "hand_dof": null, "hands": "five-finger hands", "battery_kwh": null, "runtime_hours": null, "walk_speed_ms": null, "actuation": "electric (in-house joint modules)", "compute": null, "sensors": null, "ai_stack": "end-to-end neural network gait controller", "teleoperation": "partial", "teleop_note": null, "autonomy_evidence": "Straight-leg walking videos widely shared in late 2024.", "price_usd": 13000, "price_note": "No verified public price.", "availability": "enterprise only", "units_built_est": null, "units_deployed_est": null, "units_note": null, "customers": [], "summary": "SE01 is EngineAI's full-size humanoid whose natural walking gait drew attention in 2024. It is intended for industrial and commercial use.", "highlights": [ "Straight-knee walking gait" ], "open_source": false, "open_source_note": null, "image": null, "video_url": null, "sources": [ { "title": "EngineAI official site", "url": "https://www.engineai.com.cn/", "date": null, "publisher": "EngineAI" } ], "last_verified": "2026-09-04" }, { "slug": "engineai-t800", "name": "EngineAI T800", "aliases": [ "T800" ], "company": "engineai", "country": "CN", "category": "industrial", "status": "prototype", "status_note": "Larger industrial humanoid announced 2025; details limited.", "first_revealed": "2025", "announced": null, "generation": null, "predecessor": "engineai-se01", "form": "bipedal", "height_cm": null, "weight_kg": null, "payload_kg": null, "dof": null, "hand_dof": null, "hands": null, "battery_kwh": null, "runtime_hours": null, "walk_speed_ms": null, "actuation": "electric", "compute": null, "sensors": null, "ai_stack": null, "teleoperation": "unknown", "teleop_note": null, "autonomy_evidence": null, "price_usd": 40500, "price_note": "Sources disagree sharply: one trade listing puts the T800 at $25,000, another at $40,500 to $80,800. Verify the configuration before you believe either.", "availability": "in stock", "units_built_est": null, "units_deployed_est": null, "units_note": null, "customers": [], "summary": "T800 is EngineAI's heavier-duty humanoid model announced in 2025 for industrial tasks.", "highlights": [], "open_source": false, "open_source_note": null, "image": null, "video_url": null, "sources": [ { "title": "EngineAI official site", "url": "https://www.engineai.com.cn/", "date": null, "publisher": "EngineAI" } ], "last_verified": "2026-09-04" }, { "slug": "iit-ergocub", "name": "ergoCub", "aliases": [], "company": "iit", "country": "IT", "category": "research", "status": "research", "status_note": "Research humanoid for healthcare and industrial ergonomics, developed with INAIL; prototypes shown 2023.", "first_revealed": "2023-04", "announced": null, "generation": null, "predecessor": "iit-icub", "form": "bipedal", "height_cm": 150, "weight_kg": 55, "payload_kg": 10, "dof": null, "hand_dof": null, "hands": null, "battery_kwh": null, "runtime_hours": null, "walk_speed_ms": null, "actuation": "electric", "compute": null, "sensors": null, "ai_stack": null, "teleoperation": "partial", "teleop_note": null, "autonomy_evidence": null, "price_usd": null, "price_note": "research platform", "availability": "not for sale", "units_built_est": null, "units_deployed_est": null, "units_note": null, "customers": [], "summary": "ergoCub is a 150 cm humanoid developed by IIT with the Italian workers' compensation institute INAIL to study collaborative robots that reduce physical strain in hospitals and factories. It was presented in April 2023 and builds on iCub technology.", "highlights": [ "IIT and INAIL project", "150 cm, about 55 kg, 10 kg payload" ], "open_source": false, "open_source_note": null, "image": null, "video_url": null, "sources": [ { "title": "ergoCub", "url": "https://ergocub.eu/", "date": null, "publisher": "IIT / INAIL" } ], "last_verified": null }, { "slug": "1x-eve", "name": "EVE", "aliases": [ "Halodi EVE" ], "company": "1x", "country": "US", "category": "service", "status": "discontinued", "status_note": "Wheeled humanoid used for security patrols and data collection; 1X shifted focus to NEO.", "first_revealed": "2019", "announced": null, "generation": 1, "predecessor": null, "form": "wheeled-base", "height_cm": 186, "weight_kg": 86, "payload_kg": 15, "dof": null, "hand_dof": null, "hands": null, "battery_kwh": null, "runtime_hours": 6, "walk_speed_ms": null, "actuation": "electric, direct-drive Revo1 motors", "compute": null, "sensors": null, "ai_stack": null, "teleoperation": "yes", "teleop_note": "Deployed with remote operators; also used to collect autonomy training data.", "autonomy_evidence": null, "price_usd": null, "price_note": "no public price", "availability": "discontinued", "units_built_est": null, "units_deployed_est": null, "units_note": null, "customers": [ "ADT Commercial", "Everon" ], "summary": "EVE was 1X's (formerly Halodi Robotics) wheeled humanoid, deployed in small numbers for security patrols and used to collect training data for the company's neural networks. It preceded the legged NEO family.", "highlights": [ "Wheeled humanoid on a self-balancing base", "Security deployments with ADT Commercial and Everon", "Training platform for 1X autonomy" ], "open_source": false, "open_source_note": null, "image": null, "video_url": null, "sources": [ { "title": "1X Technologies", "url": "https://www.1x.tech/", "date": null, "publisher": "1X" }, { "title": "1X Technologies", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1X_Technologies", "date": null, "publisher": "Wikipedia" } ], "last_verified": null }, { "slug": "fedor-skybot-f-850", "name": "FEDOR (Skybot F-850)", "aliases": [ "FEDOR", "Skybot F-850", "Final Experimental Demonstration Object Research" ], "company": "android-technics", "country": "RU", "category": "historic", "status": "retired", "status_note": "Flew to the International Space Station in August 2019 and was retired afterwards.", "first_revealed": "2016", "announced": null, "generation": 1, "predecessor": null, "form": "bipedal", "height_cm": 180, "weight_kg": 160, "payload_kg": 20, "dof": null, "hand_dof": null, "hands": "five-finger hands", "battery_kwh": null, "runtime_hours": 1, "walk_speed_ms": null, "actuation": "electric", "compute": null, "sensors": null, "ai_stack": null, "teleoperation": "yes", "teleop_note": "Primarily operated via an exoskeleton avatar rig.", "autonomy_evidence": "Shooting and driving demos in Russia (teleoperated); on the ISS it was mostly controlled by cosmonaut Alexander Skvortsov.", "price_usd": null, "price_note": "Not for sale.", "availability": "not for sale", "units_built_est": null, "units_deployed_est": null, "units_note": null, "customers": [ "Roscosmos" ], "summary": "FEDOR was a Russian teleoperated humanoid developed by Android Technics and the Advanced Research Foundation that flew on Soyuz MS-14 to the ISS in August 2019, the first humanoid to ride a Soyuz.", "highlights": [ "Flew on Soyuz MS-14 to the ISS, August 2019" ], "open_source": false, "open_source_note": null, "image": null, "video_url": null, "sources": [ { "title": "FEDOR, Wikipedia", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FEDOR", "date": null, "publisher": "Wikipedia" } ], "last_verified": null }, { "slug": "figure-01", "name": "Figure 01", "aliases": [ "Figure 1" ], "company": "figure-ai", "country": "US", "category": "general-purpose", "status": "retired", "status_note": "First Figure prototype; replaced by Figure 02 in August 2024.", "first_revealed": "2023-10", "announced": "2023-03", "generation": 1, "predecessor": null, "form": "bipedal", "height_cm": 168, "weight_kg": 60, "payload_kg": 20, "dof": null, "hand_dof": null, "hands": null, "battery_kwh": 2.25, "runtime_hours": 5, "walk_speed_ms": 1.2, "actuation": "electric", "compute": null, "sensors": null, "ai_stack": "OpenAI multimodal model for speech and reasoning in the March 2024 demo; Figure neural networks for control", "teleoperation": "no", "teleop_note": "Figure stated the March 2024 OpenAI demo was fully autonomous and at 1.0x speed.", "autonomy_evidence": "March 2024 video with OpenAI showing conversation and object handling; BMW pilot at Spartanburg started in 2024.", "price_usd": null, "price_note": "no public price", "availability": "not for sale", "units_built_est": null, "units_deployed_est": null, "units_note": null, "customers": [ "BMW Group" ], "summary": "Figure 01 was Figure AI's first humanoid, shown walking in October 2023 and demonstrated with OpenAI's vision-language model in March 2024. It was 168 cm tall, 60 kg, with a 20 kg payload and five-hour runtime. It established the company and led to the BMW agreement in January 2024.", "highlights": [ "First walking video October 2023", "OpenAI conversational demo, 13 March 2024", "BMW agreement signed January 2024" ], "open_source": false, "open_source_note": null, "image": null, "video_url": null, "sources": [ { "title": "Figure AI", "url": "https://www.figure.ai/", "date": null, "publisher": "Figure AI" }, { "title": "Figure AI", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Figure_AI", "date": null, "publisher": "Wikipedia" } ], "last_verified": null }, { "slug": "figure-02", "name": "Figure 02", "aliases": [ "Figure 2" ], "company": "figure-ai", "country": "US", "category": "general-purpose", "status": "pilot", "status_note": "Worked at BMW Spartanburg (2024 to 2025) and in a logistics pilot for an undisclosed customer; superseded by Figure 03 in October 2025.", "first_revealed": "2024-08-06", "announced": null, "generation": 2, "predecessor": "figure-01", "form": "bipedal", "height_cm": 168, "weight_kg": 70, "payload_kg": 20, "dof": null, "hand_dof": 16, "hands": "five-finger, 16 DoF, human-equivalent strength", "battery_kwh": 2.25, "runtime_hours": 5, "walk_speed_ms": 1.2, "actuation": "electric", "compute": "onboard Nvidia GPU, three times the compute of Figure 01", "sensors": "six RGB cameras, microphones and speakers", "ai_stack": "Helix VLA model (from February 2025) running onboard", "teleoperation": "no", "teleop_note": "Figure says Helix runs fully onboard with no teleoperation; Helix training data was collected with teleoperation.", "autonomy_evidence": "Figure reported Figure 02 units loading sheet metal parts at BMW Spartanburg for about 11 months during 2025 and sorting packages in a logistics facility; BMW confirmed the pilot.", "price_usd": null, "price_note": "no public price", "availability": "enterprise only", "units_built_est": null, "units_deployed_est": null, "units_note": null, "customers": [ "BMW Group" ], "summary": "Figure 02, unveiled on 6 August 2024, added onboard speech, six cameras, 16 DoF hands and three times the compute of Figure 01. It became the first Figure robot to work in a customer plant, at BMW Spartanburg, and the platform for the Helix vision-language-action model. Figure retired it in favour of Figure 03 in late 2025.", "highlights": [ "16 DoF hands, 2.25 kWh battery, 5 hour runtime", "Helix VLA model announced 20 February 2025", "BMW Spartanburg deployment 2024 to 2025", "Package sorting for an undisclosed logistics customer" ], "open_source": false, "open_source_note": null, "image": null, "video_url": null, "sources": [ { "title": "Figure AI", "url": "https://www.figure.ai/", "date": null, "publisher": "Figure AI" }, { "title": "Helix: A Vision-Language-Action Model for Generalist Humanoid Control", "url": "https://www.figure.ai/news/helix", "date": "2025-02-20", "publisher": "Figure AI" } ], "last_verified": null }, { "slug": "figure-03", "name": "Figure 03", "aliases": [ "Figure 3", "F.03" ], "company": "figure-ai", "country": "US", "category": "general-purpose", "status": "limited-production", "status_note": "Built at Figure's BotQ plant from late 2025; used in Figure's home alpha program and commercial pilots; not sold to consumers.", "first_revealed": "2025-10-09", "announced": null, "generation": 3, "predecessor": "figure-02", "form": "bipedal", "height_cm": 168, "weight_kg": 60, "payload_kg": 20, "dof": null, "hand_dof": 16, "hands": "five-finger, fingertip tactile sensors sensitive to about 3 grams, palm cameras", "battery_kwh": 2.3, "runtime_hours": 5, "walk_speed_ms": 1.2, "actuation": "electric", "compute": "onboard compute running Helix; Figure has not published the hardware", "sensors": "head cameras with wider field of view, palm cameras, fingertip tactile sensors, microphones", "ai_stack": "Helix VLA model", "teleoperation": "no", "teleop_note": "Figure says Helix runs onboard; data collection uses teleoperation and human video.", "autonomy_evidence": "Figure videos show household chores (laundry, dishes) and logistics tasks; independent reporting of the home alpha program is limited.", "price_usd": null, "price_note": "no public price", "availability": "not for sale", "units_built_est": null, "units_deployed_est": null, "units_note": "BotQ designed for 12,000 units per year initially, with a stated goal of 100,000 units over four years.", "customers": [], "summary": "Figure 03 is Figure AI's third-generation humanoid, unveiled on 9 October 2025 and designed for the home and for volume manufacturing at Figure's BotQ facility. It has soft textile coverings, wireless charging, palm cameras and tactile fingertips, and runs the Helix model onboard. It is the company's first robot designed for mass production rather than hand assembly.", "highlights": [ "Designed for the home: soft coverings, wireless 2 kW charging", "Fingertip tactile sensors and palm cameras", "BotQ plant: 12,000 units per year initial capacity", "About 9 percent lighter than Figure 02" ], "open_source": false, "open_source_note": null, "image": { "url": "/img/robots/figure-03.webp", "width": 764, "height": 1200, "credit": "Figure AI press image", "license": null, "page": "https://www.figure.ai/" }, "video_url": null, "sources": [ { "title": "Introducing Figure 03", "url": "https://www.figure.ai/news/introducing-figure-03", "date": "2025-10-09", "publisher": "Figure AI" }, { "title": "Figure AI", "url": "https://www.figure.ai/", "date": null, "publisher": "Figure AI" } ], "last_verified": "2026-09-04" }, { "slug": "fourier-gr-1", "name": "Fourier GR-1", "aliases": [ "GR-1" ], "company": "fourier", "country": "CN", "category": "research", "status": "commercial", "status_note": "First-generation platform, in production since late 2023 and sold to universities and research labs; succeeded by GR-2.", "first_revealed": "2023-07-06", "announced": null, "generation": 1, "predecessor": null, "form": "bipedal", "height_cm": 165, "weight_kg": 55, "payload_kg": 50, "dof": 40, "hand_dof": null, "hands": "optional dexterous hands (up to 54 DOF total)", "battery_kwh": null, "runtime_hours": null, "walk_speed_ms": 1.4, "actuation": "electric (Fourier FSA actuators, peak 300 Nm)", "compute": null, "sensors": null, "ai_stack": null, "teleoperation": "partial", "teleop_note": null, "autonomy_evidence": "Walking and box carrying demos; used in many academic RL and teleoperation papers (for example in Nvidia GR00T work).", "price_usd": null, "price_note": "No public list price.", "availability": "in stock", "units_built_est": null, "units_deployed_est": null, "units_note": "Fourier said it delivered over 100 GR-1 units by the end of 2023.", "customers": [], "summary": "GR-1 was revealed at WAIC in July 2023 and entered production the same year, one of the first Chinese humanoids sold in volume to research labs. It grew out of Fourier's rehabilitation robotics business.", "highlights": [ "Over 100 units delivered in 2023", "Used in Nvidia GR00T demonstrations" ], "open_source": false, "open_source_note": null, "image": null, "video_url": null, "sources": [ { "title": "Fourier GR-1 page", "url": "https://www.fftai.com/products-gr1", "date": null, "publisher": "Fourier" } ], "last_verified": null }, { "slug": "fourier-gr-2", "name": "Fourier GR-2", "aliases": [ "GR-2" ], "company": "fourier", "country": "CN", "category": "research", "status": "commercial", "status_note": "Second-generation research and pilot platform, shipping since late 2024.", "first_revealed": "2024-09-26", "announced": null, "generation": 2, "predecessor": "fourier-gr-1", "form": "bipedal", "height_cm": 175, "weight_kg": 63, "payload_kg": 3, "dof": 53, "hand_dof": 12, "hands": "12-DOF dexterous hands with tactile sensors", "battery_kwh": null, "runtime_hours": 2, "walk_speed_ms": null, "actuation": "electric (FSA 2.0 actuators)", "compute": null, "sensors": null, "ai_stack": null, "teleoperation": "partial", "teleop_note": "VR and exoskeleton teleoperation kits offered.", "autonomy_evidence": "Manipulation and walking demos at WAIC and CES; academic use.", "price_usd": 125000, "price_note": "No public list price.", "availability": "enterprise only", "units_built_est": null, "units_deployed_est": null, "units_note": null, "customers": [], "summary": "GR-2 doubled the battery capacity of GR-1 with a swappable pack and added 12-DOF hands, for a total of 53 degrees of freedom. The payload figure refers to each arm.", "highlights": [ "53 DOF", "Swappable battery, about 2 hours runtime" ], "open_source": false, "open_source_note": null, "image": null, "video_url": null, "sources": [ { "title": "Fourier GR-2 page", "url": "https://www.fftai.com/products-gr2", "date": null, "publisher": "Fourier" } ], "last_verified": "2026-09-04" }, { "slug": "fourier-gr-3", "name": "Fourier GR-3", "aliases": [ "GR-3", "Care-bot" ], "company": "fourier", "country": "CN", "category": "service", "status": "limited-production", "status_note": "Launched August 2025 as a care and companionship humanoid with soft skin; pilots in hospitals and rehabilitation settings.", "first_revealed": "2025-08-06", "announced": null, "generation": 3, "predecessor": "fourier-gr-2", "form": "bipedal", "height_cm": 165, "weight_kg": 71, "payload_kg": null, "dof": 55, "hand_dof": null, "hands": "dexterous hands", "battery_kwh": null, "runtime_hours": null, "walk_speed_ms": null, "actuation": "electric", "compute": null, "sensors": "31 pressure sensors in soft skin, microphones, cameras", "ai_stack": null, "teleoperation": "unknown", "teleop_note": null, "autonomy_evidence": "Interaction demos at launch; hospital pilots announced.", "price_usd": 100000, "price_note": "No public list price.", "availability": "enterprise only", "units_built_est": null, "units_deployed_est": null, "units_note": null, "customers": [], "summary": "GR-3 is Fourier's care-oriented humanoid with a soft, sensor-covered exterior and a rounded design meant for elder care and rehabilitation. It marks Fourier's move from research platforms to healthcare products.", "highlights": [ "Soft-skin design with pressure sensors", "Positioned for elder care" ], "open_source": false, "open_source_note": null, "image": { "url": "/img/robots/fourier-gr-3.webp", "width": 1200, "height": 675, "credit": "Fourier press image", "license": null, "page": "https://www.fftai.com/" }, "video_url": null, "sources": [ { "title": "Fourier GR-3 page", "url": "https://www.fftai.com/products-gr3", "date": null, "publisher": "Fourier" } ], "last_verified": "2026-09-04" }, { "slug": "fourier-n1", "name": "Fourier N1", "aliases": [ "N1" ], "company": "fourier", "country": "CN", "category": "research", "status": "commercial", "status_note": "Fully open-source small humanoid released April 2025; hardware files and training code published.", "first_revealed": "2025-04", "announced": null, "generation": 1, "predecessor": null, "form": "bipedal", "height_cm": 130, "weight_kg": 38, "payload_kg": null, "dof": 23, "hand_dof": null, "hands": null, "battery_kwh": null, "runtime_hours": 2, "walk_speed_ms": 3.5, "actuation": "electric (FSA 2.0)", "compute": null, "sensors": null, "ai_stack": "open RL training pipeline", "teleoperation": "partial", "teleop_note": null, "autonomy_evidence": "Over 1,000 hours of outdoor walking tests claimed by Fourier.", "price_usd": 40000, "price_note": "No public list price.", "availability": "in stock", "units_built_est": null, "units_deployed_est": null, "units_note": null, "customers": [], "summary": "N1 is Fourier's open-source humanoid: the company published the bill of materials, CAD files, actuator specs and training code. It is 130 cm tall and aimed at developers and universities.", "highlights": [ "Full hardware and software open source" ], "open_source": true, "open_source_note": "Hardware CAD, BOM and software released under an open licence on GitHub.", "image": null, "video_url": null, "sources": [ { "title": "Fourier N1 open source page", "url": "https://www.fftai.com/products-n1", "date": null, "publisher": "Fourier" } ], "last_verified": "2026-09-04" }, { "slug": "gac-gomate", "name": "GAC GoMate", "aliases": [ "GoMate" ], "company": "gac", "country": "CN", "category": "general-purpose", "status": "prototype", "status_note": "Third-generation prototype revealed December 2024; GAC targets small-batch production in 2026 for its own plants and services.", "first_revealed": "2024-12-26", "announced": null, "generation": 3, "predecessor": null, "form": "wheeled-base", "height_cm": 175, "weight_kg": null, "payload_kg": null, "dof": 38, "hand_dof": null, "hands": "five-finger hands", "battery_kwh": null, "runtime_hours": 6, "walk_speed_ms": null, "actuation": "electric", "compute": null, "sensors": "pure vision, no LiDAR", "ai_stack": null, "teleoperation": "unknown", "teleop_note": null, "autonomy_evidence": "Wheel-foot switching and patrol demos at reveal.", "price_usd": null, "price_note": "Not for sale.", "availability": "not for sale", "units_built_est": null, "units_deployed_est": null, "units_note": null, "customers": [], "summary": "GoMate is the humanoid of car maker GAC Group with a variable wheel-foot lower body that switches between two-wheel and four-wheel modes. GAC plans to use it in its own factories and 4S stores.", "highlights": [ "Variable wheel-foot design" ], "open_source": false, "open_source_note": null, "image": null, "video_url": null, "sources": [ { "title": "GAC Group official site", "url": "https://www.gac.com.cn/", "date": null, "publisher": "GAC Group" } ], "last_verified": null }, { "slug": "galbot-g1", "name": "Galbot G1", "aliases": [ "G1 (Galbot)" ], "company": "galbot", "country": "CN", "category": "service", "status": "commercial", "status_note": "Running unmanned 24-hour pharmacies and convenience stores in Beijing since 2025; industrial pilots with car makers.", "first_revealed": "2024-06", "announced": null, "generation": 1, "predecessor": null, "form": "wheeled-base", "height_cm": null, "weight_kg": null, "payload_kg": null, "dof": null, "hand_dof": null, "hands": "grippers or dexterous hands", "battery_kwh": null, "runtime_hours": null, "walk_speed_ms": null, "actuation": "electric", "compute": null, "sensors": null, "ai_stack": "GraspVLA and GroceryVLA models trained largely in simulation", "teleoperation": "no", "teleop_note": "Galbot states store operations run autonomously.", "autonomy_evidence": "Autonomous item picking in Beijing unmanned pharmacies, reported by Chinese and international media in 2025.", "price_usd": null, "price_note": "No public price.", "availability": "enterprise only", "units_built_est": null, "units_deployed_est": null, "units_note": "Galbot planned 100 robot-run stores in Beijing by end of 2025 (verify).", "customers": [], "summary": "Galbot G1 is a foldable wheeled humanoid with two arms that can reach both floor and 2.4 m shelves. It is the first humanoid to run retail stores commercially in China.", "highlights": [ "Runs unmanned pharmacies in Beijing", "Simulation-trained grasping models" ], "open_source": false, "open_source_note": null, "image": null, "video_url": null, "sources": [ { "title": "Galbot official site", "url": "https://www.galbot.com/", "date": null, "publisher": "Galbot" } ], "last_verified": null }, { "slug": "grace-hanson", "name": "Grace", "aliases": [ "Grace (Hanson Robotics)" ], "company": "hanson-robotics", "country": "HK", "category": "service", "status": "limited-production", "status_note": "Healthcare-oriented humanoid launched 2021 through the Awakening Health joint venture; small deployments in elder care.", "first_revealed": "2021-06", "announced": null, "generation": null, "predecessor": "sophia", "form": "upper-body", "height_cm": null, "weight_kg": null, "payload_kg": null, "dof": null, "hand_dof": null, "hands": null, "battery_kwh": null, "runtime_hours": null, "walk_speed_ms": null, "actuation": "electric servos", "compute": null, "sensors": "thermal camera for temperature reading", "ai_stack": "SingularityNET based dialogue", "teleoperation": "partial", "teleop_note": null, "autonomy_evidence": "Conversation and patient interaction demos.", "price_usd": null, "price_note": null, "availability": "enterprise only", "units_built_est": null, "units_deployed_est": null, "units_note": null, "customers": [], "summary": "Grace is a nurse-styled companion humanoid derived from Sophia, developed by Hanson Robotics and SingularityNET for elder care and hospitals.", "highlights": [], "open_source": false, "open_source_note": null, "image": null, "video_url": null, "sources": [ { "title": "Hanson Robotics Grace page", "url": "https://www.hansonrobotics.com/grace/", "date": null, "publisher": "Hanson Robotics" } ], "last_verified": null }, { "slug": "hector", "name": "HECTOR", "aliases": [ "HECTOR V2", "Humanoid for Enhanced ConTrol and Open-source Research" ], "company": "usc", "country": "US", "category": "research", "status": "research", "status_note": "Open source humanoid platform from the USC Dynamic Robotics and Control Laboratory; note that the Hector name at TU Darmstadt refers to a rescue robotics team, not a humanoid.", "first_revealed": "2023", "announced": null, "generation": 2, "predecessor": null, "form": "bipedal", "height_cm": null, "weight_kg": null, "payload_kg": null, "dof": null, "hand_dof": null, "hands": "none in base version", "battery_kwh": null, "runtime_hours": null, "walk_speed_ms": null, "actuation": "electric, proprioceptive actuators", "compute": "onboard computer", "sensors": "IMU, joint encoders", "ai_stack": "model predictive control and reinforcement learning", "teleoperation": "no", "teleop_note": null, "autonomy_evidence": "Papers show walking on uneven terrain and dynamic balance in the lab", "price_usd": null, "price_note": "research platform", "availability": "not for sale", "units_built_est": null, "units_deployed_est": null, "units_note": null, "customers": [], "summary": "HECTOR is a small open source humanoid developed by Quan Nguyen's Dynamic Robotics and Control Laboratory at the University of Southern California for research on model predictive control and learning based locomotion. Its simulation environment and designs are public. It is one of several university platforms built to make humanoid control research reproducible.", "highlights": [ "Open source hardware and simulation", "Model predictive control research platform", "Compact and low cost" ], "open_source": true, "open_source_note": "Simulation and designs on GitHub", "image": null, "video_url": null, "sources": [ { "title": "HECTOR simulation", "url": "https://github.com/DRCL-USC/Hector_Simulation", "date": null, "publisher": "USC DRCL" } ], "last_verified": "2026-09-04" }, { "slug": "hitachi-emiew", "name": "Hitachi EMIEW series", "aliases": [ "EMIEW", "EMIEW2", "EMIEW3" ], "company": "hitachi", "country": "JP", "category": "service", "status": "discontinued", "status_note": "Wheeled service humanoids from 2005 to 2017; EMIEW3 was trialled at Haneda Airport in 2016 and 2017.", "first_revealed": "2005-03", "announced": null, "generation": 3, "predecessor": null, "form": "wheeled-base", "height_cm": 90, "weight_kg": 15, "payload_kg": null, "dof": null, "hand_dof": null, "hands": "simple hands", "battery_kwh": null, "runtime_hours": null, "walk_speed_ms": 1.67, "actuation": "electric wheels and arm servos", "compute": "cloud-connected remote brain (EMIEW3)", "sensors": "cameras, microphones, laser range finders", "ai_stack": "speech recognition and cloud guidance", "teleoperation": "partial", "teleop_note": null, "autonomy_evidence": "Guided passengers at Haneda Airport; can stand up after falling (EMIEW3).", "price_usd": null, "price_note": null, "availability": "discontinued", "units_built_est": null, "units_deployed_est": null, "units_note": null, "customers": [ "Haneda Airport" ], "summary": "Hitachi's EMIEW robots were fast wheeled service humanoids: EMIEW (2005) was 130 cm and 6 km/h, EMIEW2 (2007) shrank to 80 cm, and EMIEW3 (2016) added cloud intelligence and airport trials.", "highlights": [ "Haneda Airport guide trials, 2016 to 2017" ], "open_source": false, "open_source_note": null, "image": null, "video_url": null, "sources": [ { "title": "Hitachi EMIEW3 press release", "url": "https://www.hitachi.com/New/cnews/month/2016/04/160408.html", "date": "2016-04-08", "publisher": "Hitachi" } ], "last_verified": null }, { "aliases": [ "Tonybot" ], "status_note": null, "first_revealed": null, "announced": null, "generation": null, "predecessor": null, "payload_kg": null, "dof": null, "hand_dof": null, "hands": null, "battery_kwh": null, "runtime_hours": null, "walk_speed_ms": null, "actuation": null, "compute": "Arduino-compatible controller", "sensors": null, "ai_stack": null, "teleoperation": "unknown", "teleop_note": null, "autonomy_evidence": null, "price_note": "Arduino-based learning kit, expandable with sensors.", "units_built_est": null, "units_deployed_est": null, "units_note": null, "customers": [], "highlights": [ "$459 entry kit", "Arduino-based, fully expandable" ], "open_source": null, "open_source_note": null, "image": null, "video_url": null, "last_verified": "2026-09-04", "weight_kg": null, "height_cm": null, "slug": "hiwonder-tonybot", "name": "Hiwonder Tonybot", "company": "hiwonder", "country": "CN", "category": "education", "status": "commercial", "form": "bipedal", "price_usd": 459, "availability": "in stock", "summary": "Tonybot is Hiwonder's entry-level Arduino humanoid kit, expandable with dot-matrix displays, buzzers and ultrasonic sensors. The cheapest functional build-it-yourself humanoid from an established supplier.", "sources": [ { "title": "5 best affordable humanoid robots", "url": "https://keyirobot.com/blogs/buying-guide/5-affordable-humanoid-robot-models-you-can-buy-right-now", "date": "2026-07-01", "publisher": "Keyi Robot" } ] }, { "aliases": [ "TonyPi Pro" ], "status_note": null, "first_revealed": null, "announced": null, "generation": null, "predecessor": null, "payload_kg": null, "dof": 18, "hand_dof": null, "hands": null, "battery_kwh": null, "runtime_hours": null, "walk_speed_ms": null, "actuation": null, "compute": "Raspberry Pi 5, 4 GB", "sensors": "camera with OpenCV vision pipeline", "ai_stack": "Python and OpenCV, inverse kinematics library, ROS-compatible teaching material", "teleoperation": "unknown", "teleop_note": null, "autonomy_evidence": null, "price_note": "Raspberry Pi 5 inside, OpenCV vision, 18 bus servos. The standard classroom vision platform.", "units_built_est": null, "units_deployed_est": null, "units_note": null, "customers": [], "highlights": [ "$789 with Raspberry Pi 5 included", "18 bus servos", "OpenCV vision course material" ], "open_source": null, "open_source_note": null, "image": { "url": "/img/robots/hiwonder-tonypi-pro.webp", "width": 1200, "height": 1200, "credit": "Hiwonder press image", "license": null, "page": "https://www.hiwonder.com/collections/robotics/products/tonypi-pro" }, "video_url": null, "last_verified": "2026-09-04", "weight_kg": null, "height_cm": null, "slug": "hiwonder-tonypi-pro", "name": "Hiwonder TonyPi Pro", "company": "hiwonder", "country": "CN", "category": "education", "status": "commercial", "form": "bipedal", "price_usd": 789, "availability": "in stock", "summary": "TonyPi Pro is a Raspberry Pi 5 humanoid kit with 18 bus servos and a vision pipeline, used in classrooms and university courses for object tracking, face recognition and autonomous sorting. It is a teaching platform, not a machine that will do anything useful in a house.", "sources": [ { "title": "Hiwonder TonyPi Pro AI humanoid robot", "url": "https://www.hiwonder.com/collections/robotics/products/tonypi-pro", "date": null, "publisher": "Hiwonder" } ] }, { "slug": "humanoid-hmnd-01", "name": "HMND 01", "aliases": [ "HMND 01 Alpha", "HMND 01 Wheeled" ], "company": "humanoid", "country": "GB", "category": "general-purpose", "status": "prototype", "status_note": "Wheeled and bipedal variants shown in 2025; pilots announced with logistics partners; not for sale.", "first_revealed": "2024", "announced": null, "generation": 1, "predecessor": null, "form": "bipedal", "height_cm": 175, "weight_kg": 70, "payload_kg": 15, "dof": null, "hand_dof": null, "hands": null, "battery_kwh": null, "runtime_hours": 4, "walk_speed_ms": null, "actuation": "electric", "compute": null, "sensors": null, "ai_stack": null, "teleoperation": "partial", "teleop_note": null, "autonomy_evidence": null, "price_usd": null, "price_note": "no public price", "availability": "enterprise only", "units_built_est": null, "units_deployed_est": null, "units_note": null, "customers": [], "summary": "HMND 01 is the humanoid from London startup Humanoid, founded in 2024 by Artem Sokolov. A wheeled version was revealed in May 2025 for logistics work and a third-generation bipedal version followed later in 2025. The company positions it as a lower-cost European alternative to US and Chinese humanoids.", "highlights": [ "Wheeled variant May 2025", "Bipedal Gen 3 late 2025", "UK-based program" ], "open_source": false, "open_source_note": null, "image": { "url": "/img/robots/humanoid-hmnd-01.webp", "width": 1178, "height": 1200, "credit": "Humanoid press image", "license": null, "page": "https://thehumanoid.ai/" }, "video_url": null, "sources": [ { "title": "Humanoid", "url": "https://thehumanoid.ai/", "date": null, "publisher": "Humanoid" } ], "last_verified": null }, { "slug": "honda-e-series", "name": "Honda E series (E0 to E6)", "aliases": [ "Honda E0", "Honda E2", "Honda E6" ], "company": "honda", "country": "JP", "category": "historic", "status": "retired", "status_note": "Experimental walking legs built 1986 to 1993, the secret precursors of P2 and ASIMO.", "first_revealed": "1996", "announced": null, "generation": 1, "predecessor": null, "form": "bipedal", "height_cm": null, "weight_kg": null, "payload_kg": null, "dof": null, "hand_dof": null, "hands": "none, legs only", "battery_kwh": null, "runtime_hours": null, "walk_speed_ms": null, "actuation": "electric", "compute": null, "sensors": null, "ai_stack": null, "teleoperation": "no", "teleop_note": null, "autonomy_evidence": "E0 took one step every five seconds in 1986; E2 walked dynamically at 1.2 km/h in 1987; E6 handled stairs and slopes by 1993.", "price_usd": null, "price_note": "Research robots.", "availability": "not for sale", "units_built_est": 7, "units_deployed_est": null, "units_note": null, "customers": [], "summary": "Honda's E series were seven legged research machines developed in secret between 1986 and 1993, progressing from static to dynamic walking and stair climbing. They were revealed publicly only when P2 was announced in 1996.", "highlights": [ "Secret Honda program 1986 to 1993", "Foundation of ASIMO" ], "open_source": false, "open_source_note": null, "image": null, "video_url": null, "sources": [ { "title": "Honda robot development history", "url": "https://global.honda/innovation/robotics/robot-development-history.html", "date": null, "publisher": "Honda" } ], "last_verified": null }, { "slug": "honda-p2", "name": "Honda P2", "aliases": [ "P2" ], "company": "honda", "country": "JP", "category": "historic", "status": "retired", "status_note": "Revealed December 1996 as the first self-contained bipedal humanoid.", "first_revealed": "1996-12", "announced": null, "generation": 2, "predecessor": "honda-e-series", "form": "bipedal", "height_cm": 182, "weight_kg": 210, "payload_kg": null, "dof": 30, "hand_dof": null, "hands": "simple hands", "battery_kwh": null, "runtime_hours": null, "walk_speed_ms": null, "actuation": "electric", "compute": "on-board computers", "sensors": "cameras, gyroscopes, force sensors", "ai_stack": null, "teleoperation": "partial", "teleop_note": "Wireless remote control.", "autonomy_evidence": "Walked, climbed stairs and pushed a cart with all computers and batteries on board.", "price_usd": null, "price_note": "Research robot.", "availability": "not for sale", "units_built_est": null, "units_deployed_est": null, "units_note": null, "customers": [], "summary": "P2 was the first humanoid to carry its own power and computing while walking, an achievement that surprised the robotics community when Honda revealed it in December 1996.", "highlights": [ "First self-contained walking humanoid" ], "open_source": false, "open_source_note": null, "image": null, "video_url": null, "sources": [ { "title": "Honda robot development history", "url": "https://global.honda/innovation/robotics/robot-development-history.html", "date": null, "publisher": "Honda" } ], "last_verified": null }, { "slug": "honda-p3", "name": "Honda P3", "aliases": [ "P3" ], "company": "honda", "country": "JP", "category": "historic", "status": "retired", "status_note": "Smaller successor to P2 shown in September 1997; direct predecessor of ASIMO.", "first_revealed": "1997-09", "announced": null, "generation": 3, "predecessor": "honda-p2", "form": "bipedal", "height_cm": 160, "weight_kg": 130, "payload_kg": null, "dof": 28, "hand_dof": null, "hands": "simple hands", "battery_kwh": null, "runtime_hours": null, "walk_speed_ms": null, "actuation": "electric", "compute": null, "sensors": null, "ai_stack": null, "teleoperation": "partial", "teleop_note": null, "autonomy_evidence": "Walking and stair demos; used as HRP-1 base in Japan's national Humanoid Robotics Project.", "price_usd": null, "price_note": "Research robot.", "availability": "not for sale", "units_built_est": null, "units_deployed_est": null, "units_note": null, "customers": [], "summary": "P3 reduced P2's size and weight to 160 cm and 130 kg and became the basis of the Japanese government's HRP-1 platform.", "highlights": [ "Basis of HRP-1" ], "open_source": false, "open_source_note": null, "image": null, "video_url": null, "sources": [ { "title": "Honda robot development history", "url": "https://global.honda/innovation/robotics/robot-development-history.html", "date": null, "publisher": "Honda" } ], "last_verified": null }, { "slug": "hugging-face-hopejr", "name": "HopeJR", "aliases": [], "company": "hugging-face", "country": "US", "category": "platform", "status": "limited-production", "status_note": "Low-cost open-source humanoid announced May 2025 with The Robot Studio; first units shipped to early orders.", "first_revealed": "2025-05-29", "announced": null, "generation": null, "predecessor": null, "form": "bipedal", "height_cm": null, "weight_kg": null, "payload_kg": null, "dof": 66, "hand_dof": null, "hands": null, "battery_kwh": null, "runtime_hours": null, "walk_speed_ms": null, "actuation": "electric, hobby-grade servos", "compute": null, "sensors": null, "ai_stack": null, "teleoperation": "yes", "teleop_note": "Designed for leader-follower teleoperation using exoskeleton arms and gloves.", "autonomy_evidence": null, "price_usd": 3000, "price_note": "around USD 3,000 target price announced", "availability": "preorder", "units_built_est": null, "units_deployed_est": null, "units_note": null, "customers": [], "summary": "HopeJR is a low-cost open-source humanoid announced by Hugging Face with The Robot Studio in May 2025, with 66 degrees of freedom and a target price of about USD 3,000. It is aimed at hobbyists and researchers using Hugging Face's LeRobot library.", "highlights": [ "66 DoF, about USD 3,000", "Open-source, LeRobot integration" ], "open_source": true, "open_source_note": null, "image": null, "video_url": null, "sources": [ { "title": "Hugging Face", "url": "https://huggingface.co/", "date": null, "publisher": "Hugging Face" } ], "last_verified": "2026-09-04" }, { "slug": "hrp-2", "name": "HRP-2 Promet", "aliases": [ "HRP-2" ], "company": "aist", "country": "JP", "category": "historic", "status": "retired", "status_note": "Japan's national research humanoid from 2003, produced in small numbers by Kawada for universities in Japan and France.", "first_revealed": "2003-03", "announced": null, "generation": 2, "predecessor": null, "form": "bipedal", "height_cm": 154, "weight_kg": 58, "payload_kg": null, "dof": 30, "hand_dof": null, "hands": "simple grippers", "battery_kwh": null, "runtime_hours": null, "walk_speed_ms": null, "actuation": "electric DC servomotors", "compute": "on-board PC", "sensors": "stereo cameras, gyro, force sensors", "ai_stack": "OpenHRP software", "teleoperation": "partial", "teleop_note": null, "autonomy_evidence": "Walking, lying down and standing up, carrying panels with a human; used in hundreds of academic papers.", "price_usd": null, "price_note": "Sold to research institutes at several hundred thousand dollars per unit.", "availability": "discontinued", "units_built_est": null, "units_deployed_est": null, "units_note": "About 16 units were delivered to Japanese and French labs.", "customers": [ "Universities in Japan and France" ], "summary": "HRP-2, designed with Kawada Industries and styled by anime designer Yutaka Izubuchi, was the workhorse humanoid of the Japanese Humanoid Robotics Project and of labs such as LAAS-CNRS.", "highlights": [ "Designed by Yutaka Izubuchi", "Could stand up after falling" ], "open_source": false, "open_source_note": "OpenHRP control software was open.", "image": null, "video_url": null, "sources": [ { "title": "HRP-2, Wikipedia", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HRP-2", "date": null, "publisher": "Wikipedia" } ], "last_verified": null }, { "slug": "hrp-3", "name": "HRP-3 Promet Mk-II", "aliases": [ "HRP-3" ], "company": "aist", "country": "JP", "category": "historic", "status": "retired", "status_note": "Dust and splash resistant humanoid announced 2007 for work in harsh environments.", "first_revealed": "2007-06", "announced": null, "generation": 3, "predecessor": "hrp-2", "form": "bipedal", "height_cm": 161, "weight_kg": 68, "payload_kg": null, "dof": 42, "hand_dof": null, "hands": "three-finger hands", "battery_kwh": null, "runtime_hours": null, "walk_speed_ms": null, "actuation": "electric", "compute": null, "sensors": null, "ai_stack": "OpenHRP", "teleoperation": "partial", "teleop_note": null, "autonomy_evidence": "Walking on slippery surfaces and using tools in demonstrations.", "price_usd": null, "price_note": null, "availability": "discontinued", "units_built_est": null, "units_deployed_est": null, "units_note": null, "customers": [], "summary": "HRP-3 extended the HRP line with weather resistance and tool use, targeting construction and outdoor tasks.", "highlights": [ "Dust and splash resistant" ], "open_source": false, "open_source_note": null, "image": null, "video_url": null, "sources": [ { "title": "HRP-3, Wikipedia", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HRP-3", "date": null, "publisher": "Wikipedia" } ], "last_verified": null }, { "slug": "hrp-4", "name": "HRP-4", "aliases": [], "company": "aist", "country": "JP", "category": "research", "status": "retired", "status_note": "Slim research humanoid announced September 2010 and sold by Kawada to universities.", "first_revealed": "2010-09-15", "announced": null, "generation": 4, "predecessor": "hrp-3", "form": "bipedal", "height_cm": 151, "weight_kg": 39, "payload_kg": 0.5, "dof": 34, "hand_dof": null, "hands": "simple hands", "battery_kwh": null, "runtime_hours": null, "walk_speed_ms": null, "actuation": "electric", "compute": null, "sensors": null, "ai_stack": "OpenHRP3", "teleoperation": "partial", "teleop_note": null, "autonomy_evidence": "Walking and object handling in research settings.", "price_usd": null, "price_note": "Priced around JPY 26 million for research customers.", "availability": "discontinued", "units_built_est": null, "units_deployed_est": null, "units_note": null, "customers": [], "summary": "HRP-4 was a lightweight 39 kg humanoid developed by AIST and Kawada as an affordable research platform.", "highlights": [ "39 kg full-size platform" ], "open_source": false, "open_source_note": null, "image": null, "video_url": null, "sources": [ { "title": "HRP-4, Wikipedia", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HRP-4", "date": null, "publisher": "Wikipedia" } ], "last_verified": null }, { "slug": "hrp-4c", "name": "HRP-4C Miim", "aliases": [ "HRP-4C", "Miim" ], "company": "aist", "country": "JP", "category": "historic", "status": "retired", "status_note": "Female-appearance humanoid unveiled March 2009; sang and walked on fashion runways.", "first_revealed": "2009-03-16", "announced": null, "generation": null, "predecessor": "hrp-3", "form": "bipedal", "height_cm": 158, "weight_kg": 43, "payload_kg": null, "dof": 42, "hand_dof": null, "hands": null, "battery_kwh": null, "runtime_hours": null, "walk_speed_ms": null, "actuation": "electric", "compute": null, "sensors": null, "ai_stack": "Vocaloid singing, motion capture based walking", "teleoperation": "partial", "teleop_note": null, "autonomy_evidence": "Walked a fashion show in Tokyo in 2009 and sang with lip sync; human-like gait demonstrated 2010.", "price_usd": null, "price_note": "AIST cited about JPY 20 million to build.", "availability": "not for sale", "units_built_est": null, "units_deployed_est": null, "units_note": null, "customers": [], "summary": "HRP-4C, nicknamed Miim, was built by AIST with the average proportions of a young Japanese woman and became known for singing and catwalk demonstrations.", "highlights": [ "Modelled on average Japanese female body", "Sang using Vocaloid software" ], "open_source": false, "open_source_note": null, "image": null, "video_url": null, "sources": [ { "title": "HRP-4C, Wikipedia", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HRP-4C", "date": null, "publisher": "Wikipedia" } ], "last_verified": null }, { "slug": "hrp-5p", "name": "HRP-5P", "aliases": [], "company": "aist", "country": "JP", "category": "research", "status": "research", "status_note": "Construction-work research humanoid shown September 2018 installing drywall autonomously.", "first_revealed": "2018-09", "announced": null, "generation": 5, "predecessor": "hrp-4", "form": "bipedal", "height_cm": 182, "weight_kg": 101, "payload_kg": null, "dof": 37, "hand_dof": null, "hands": "two-finger hands", "battery_kwh": null, "runtime_hours": null, "walk_speed_ms": null, "actuation": "electric high-output actuators", "compute": null, "sensors": "head cameras, object recognition", "ai_stack": "autonomous task planning", "teleoperation": "no", "teleop_note": null, "autonomy_evidence": "Picked up, carried and screwed a gypsum board to a wall autonomously in an AIST video (2018).", "price_usd": null, "price_note": "Research robot.", "availability": "not for sale", "units_built_est": null, "units_deployed_est": null, "units_note": null, "customers": [], "summary": "HRP-5P is AIST's construction-oriented humanoid that demonstrated autonomous drywall installation in 2018, aimed at labour shortages in Japanese building sites.", "highlights": [ "Autonomous drywall installation demo" ], "open_source": false, "open_source_note": null, "image": { "url": "/img/robots/hrp-5p.webp", "width": 500, "height": 375, "credit": "AIST (National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology) press image", "license": null, "page": "https://www.aist.go.jp/aist_e/list/latest_research/2018/20181116/en20181116.html" }, "video_url": null, "sources": [ { "title": "AIST HRP-5P press release", "url": "https://www.aist.go.jp/aist_e/list/latest_research/2018/20181116/en20181116.html", "date": "2018-11-16", "publisher": "AIST" } ], "last_verified": null }, { "slug": "humanplus", "name": "HumanPlus", "aliases": [], "company": "stanford-university", "country": "US", "category": "research", "status": "research", "status_note": "Open source system built on a Unitree H1; used to study learning from human videos.", "first_revealed": "2024-06", "announced": null, "generation": 1, "predecessor": null, "form": "bipedal", "height_cm": null, "weight_kg": null, "payload_kg": null, "dof": 33, "hand_dof": null, "hands": "dexterous hands added to a Unitree H1", "battery_kwh": null, "runtime_hours": null, "walk_speed_ms": null, "actuation": "electric (Unitree H1 base)", "compute": "onboard computer with RGB camera", "sensors": "single RGB camera for shadowing, joint encoders", "ai_stack": "Humanoid Shadowing Transformer trained on human motion data and imitation learning from shadowed demonstrations", "teleoperation": "yes", "teleop_note": "The robot shadows a human's body pose in real time from a camera", "autonomy_evidence": "Paper shows autonomous shoe wearing, folding and greeting tasks learned from shadowed demonstrations", "price_usd": null, "price_note": "research system on a commercial H1", "availability": "not for sale", "units_built_est": null, "units_deployed_est": null, "units_note": null, "customers": [], "summary": "HumanPlus is a Stanford research system in which a Unitree H1 humanoid with added hands learns from human motion data and then shadows a human operator seen by a single camera. Demonstrations collected this way are used to train autonomous skills such as putting on shoes and folding clothes. The code and hardware modifications are open source.", "highlights": [ "Real time whole body shadowing from one RGB camera", "Autonomous skills learned from shadowed data", "Open source on top of Unitree H1" ], "open_source": true, "open_source_note": "Code and hardware designs released", "image": null, "video_url": null, "sources": [ { "title": "HumanPlus: Humanoid Shadowing and Imitation from Humans", "url": "https://humanoid-ai.github.io/", "date": "2024-06", "publisher": "Stanford University" }, { "title": "HumanPlus paper", "url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2406.10454", "date": "2024-06", "publisher": "arXiv" } ], "last_verified": "2026-09-04" }, { "slug": "iit-icub", "name": "iCub", "aliases": [ "iCub3" ], "company": "iit", "country": "IT", "category": "research", "status": "research", "status_note": "Open-source child-sized research humanoid; dozens of units at labs worldwide; iCub3 introduced 2021.", "first_revealed": "2008", "announced": "2004", "generation": null, "predecessor": null, "form": "bipedal", "height_cm": 104, "weight_kg": 33, "payload_kg": null, "dof": 53, "hand_dof": null, "hands": "five-finger, 9 DoF per hand", "battery_kwh": null, "runtime_hours": null, "walk_speed_ms": null, "actuation": "electric", "compute": null, "sensors": "cameras, microphones, tactile skin, force and torque sensors", "ai_stack": null, "teleoperation": "yes", "teleop_note": "iCub3 has been used for VR avatar teleoperation (ANA Avatar XPRIZE).", "autonomy_evidence": null, "price_usd": null, "price_note": "units built at cost for research partners; historically around EUR 250,000", "availability": "enterprise only", "units_built_est": null, "units_deployed_est": null, "units_note": null, "customers": [], "summary": "iCub is the open-source child-sized humanoid developed by the Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia in Genoa from the EU RobotCub project (2004 to 2010). With 53 DoF and full-body tactile skin, it became a standard platform for cognitive robotics research, with dozens of units in labs worldwide. iCub3, a larger 125 cm version, was introduced in 2021.", "highlights": [ "EU RobotCub project origin (2004)", "53 DoF, tactile skin", "Open-source hardware and software", "iCub3 (2021): 125 cm, 52 kg" ], "open_source": true, "open_source_note": "Hardware designs and software are open under GPL and similar licenses.", "image": { "url": "/img/robots/iit-icub.webp", "width": 1200, "height": 800, "credit": "Niccolò Caranti via Wikimedia Commons", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:ICub_-_Festival_Economia_2018_2.jpg" }, "video_url": null, "sources": [ { "title": "iCub", "url": "https://icub.iit.it/", "date": null, "publisher": "IIT" }, { "title": "iCub", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICub", "date": null, "publisher": "Wikipedia" } ], "last_verified": null }, { "slug": "inmoov", "name": "InMoov", "aliases": [], "company": "inmoov", "country": "FR", "category": "education", "status": "research", "status_note": "Open source design built by hobbyists and schools worldwide; not a commercial product.", "first_revealed": "2012", "announced": null, "generation": 1, "predecessor": null, "form": "upper-body", "height_cm": null, "weight_kg": null, "payload_kg": null, "dof": null, "hand_dof": 5, "hands": "3D printed five finger hands with tendon actuation", "battery_kwh": null, "runtime_hours": null, "walk_speed_ms": null, "actuation": "electric hobby servos", "compute": "Arduino boards with a PC running MyRobotLab", "sensors": "cameras, microphone, Kinect optional", "ai_stack": "MyRobotLab, community scripts", "teleoperation": "partial", "teleop_note": "Can mirror a user's movements with a Kinect", "autonomy_evidence": "Speech interaction and gesture demonstrations by builders", "price_usd": null, "price_note": "parts cost roughly 1,500 to 3,000 dollars", "availability": "not for sale", "units_built_est": null, "units_deployed_est": null, "units_note": "Thousands of builders have downloaded the files", "customers": [], "summary": "InMoov is a life size, 3D printable open source humanoid started in 2012 by French sculptor Gael Langevin. Its upper body, hands and head can be printed on a desktop printer and driven by hobby servos and Arduino boards. It is the most widely built open source humanoid and a common school and maker project.", "highlights": [ "First life size 3D printable humanoid", "Built by makers worldwide", "Optional legs remain experimental" ], "open_source": true, "open_source_note": "Files released under a Creative Commons non commercial licence", "image": null, "video_url": null, "sources": [ { "title": "InMoov", "url": "https://inmoov.fr/", "date": null, "publisher": "InMoov" } ], "last_verified": "2026-09-04" }, { "slug": "k-scale-k-bot", "name": "K-Bot", "aliases": [], "company": "k-scale-labs", "country": "US", "category": "platform", "status": "limited-production", "status_note": "Open-source full-size humanoid sold to developers from 2025 preorders.", "first_revealed": "2025", "announced": null, "generation": 1, "predecessor": null, "form": "bipedal", "height_cm": null, "weight_kg": null, "payload_kg": null, "dof": null, "hand_dof": null, "hands": null, "battery_kwh": null, "runtime_hours": null, "walk_speed_ms": null, "actuation": "electric", "compute": null, "sensors": null, "ai_stack": null, "teleoperation": "partial", "teleop_note": null, "autonomy_evidence": null, "price_usd": null, "price_note": "developer pricing announced at launch (verify)", "availability": "preorder", "units_built_est": null, "units_deployed_est": null, "units_note": null, "customers": [], "summary": "K-Bot is the open-source full-size humanoid from K-Scale Labs, a Palo Alto startup founded in 2024 by Benjamin Bolte. It is sold as a developer platform with published hardware and software and is intended to seed an open humanoid ecosystem.", "highlights": [ "Fully open-source hardware and software", "Developer-focused pricing" ], "open_source": true, "open_source_note": "Hardware, firmware and software published under open licenses.", "image": null, "video_url": null, "sources": [ { "title": "K-Scale Labs", "url": "https://www.kscale.dev/", "date": null, "publisher": "K-Scale Labs" } ], "last_verified": null }, { "slug": "kaist-hubo", "name": "KAIST HUBO (KHR-3)", "aliases": [ "HUBO", "KHR-3", "Albert HUBO" ], "company": "kaist", "country": "KR", "category": "historic", "status": "retired", "status_note": "Korea's first full-size walking humanoid, completed at KAIST in late 2004; Albert HUBO variant with an Einstein head shown 2005.", "first_revealed": "2005-01", "announced": null, "generation": 1, "predecessor": null, "form": "bipedal", "height_cm": 125, "weight_kg": 55, "payload_kg": null, "dof": 41, "hand_dof": null, "hands": "five-finger hands", "battery_kwh": null, "runtime_hours": null, "walk_speed_ms": 0.35, "actuation": "electric DC motors with harmonic drives", "compute": null, "sensors": "cameras, force torque sensors, IMU", "ai_stack": null, "teleoperation": "partial", "teleop_note": null, "autonomy_evidence": "Walking, dancing and handshake demos; Albert HUBO greeted APEC leaders in Busan in November 2005.", "price_usd": null, "price_note": "Research robot.", "availability": "not for sale", "units_built_est": null, "units_deployed_est": null, "units_note": null, "customers": [], "summary": "HUBO, built by Oh Jun-Ho's lab at KAIST in 2004, was South Korea's first walking humanoid. The Albert HUBO version paired it with a Hanson Robotics Einstein head.", "highlights": [ "Korea's first walking humanoid", "Albert HUBO at APEC 2005" ], "open_source": false, "open_source_note": null, "image": { "url": "/img/robots/kaist-hubo.webp", "width": 765, "height": 1200, "credit": "Dayofid at English Wikipedia via Wikimedia Commons", "license": "CC BY 2.5", "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Einstein-Hubo.jpg" }, "video_url": null, "sources": [ { "title": "HUBO, Wikipedia", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HUBO", "date": null, "publisher": "Wikipedia" } ], "last_verified": null }, { "slug": "pal-kangaroo", "name": "Kangaroo", "aliases": [], "company": "pal-robotics", "country": "ES", "category": "research", "status": "research", "status_note": "Jumping biped research platform with linear actuators; research use.", "first_revealed": "2021", "announced": null, "generation": null, "predecessor": null, "form": "bipedal", "height_cm": null, "weight_kg": null, "payload_kg": null, "dof": null, "hand_dof": null, "hands": null, "battery_kwh": null, "runtime_hours": null, "walk_speed_ms": null, "actuation": "electric, linear actuators, low leg inertia", "compute": null, "sensors": null, "ai_stack": null, "teleoperation": "no", "teleop_note": null, "autonomy_evidence": null, "price_usd": null, "price_note": "research platform", "availability": "enterprise only", "units_built_est": null, "units_deployed_est": null, "units_note": null, "customers": [], "summary": "Kangaroo is a PAL Robotics research biped designed for dynamic jumping and running, with actuators kept near the hips to lower leg inertia. It was shown from 2021 and is used for locomotion research.", "highlights": [ "Designed for jumping and running", "Linear actuators, low leg inertia" ], "open_source": false, "open_source_note": null, "image": { "url": "/img/robots/pal-kangaroo.webp", "width": 1200, "height": 1200, "credit": "PAL Robotics press image", "license": null, "page": "https://pal-robotics.com/robot/kangaroo/" }, "video_url": null, "sources": [ { "title": "Kangaroo", "url": "https://pal-robotics.com/robot/kangaroo/", "date": null, "publisher": "PAL Robotics" }, { "title": "PAL Robotics", "url": "https://pal-robotics.com/", "date": null, "publisher": "PAL Robotics" } ], "last_verified": null }, { "slug": "kawada-nextage", "name": "Kawada NEXTAGE", "aliases": [ "NEXTAGE", "NEXTAGE Fillie", "HIRO" ], "company": "kawada", "country": "JP", "category": "industrial", "status": "commercial", "status_note": "Upper-body dual-arm humanoid sold to factories since 2009; updated NEXTAGE Fillie in 2022.", "first_revealed": "2009", "announced": null, "generation": null, "predecessor": null, "form": "upper-body", "height_cm": null, "weight_kg": null, "payload_kg": 1.5, "dof": 15, "hand_dof": null, "hands": "tool-changeable hands with cameras", "battery_kwh": null, "runtime_hours": null, "walk_speed_ms": null, "actuation": "electric", "compute": null, "sensors": "head stereo cameras, hand cameras", "ai_stack": null, "teleoperation": "no", "teleop_note": null, "autonomy_evidence": "Assembly and kitting work in Japanese factories such as Glory Ltd since 2010.", "price_usd": null, "price_note": "Sold on quotation; early reports cited around JPY 7.4 million.", "availability": "in stock", "units_built_est": null, "units_deployed_est": null, "units_note": null, "customers": [ "Glory Ltd" ], "summary": "NEXTAGE is a humanoid-style dual-arm industrial robot from Kawada that works alongside people on assembly lines, one of the earliest humanoids used in production.", "highlights": [ "In factory use since 2010" ], "open_source": false, "open_source_note": null, "image": { "url": "/img/robots/kawada-nextage.webp", "width": 1200, "height": 645, "credit": "Kawada Robotics press image", "license": null, "page": "https://www.kawadarobot.co.jp/" }, "video_url": null, "sources": [ { "title": "Kawada Robotics NEXTAGE", "url": "https://www.kawadarobot.co.jp/", "date": null, "publisher": "Kawada Robotics" } ], "last_verified": null }, { "slug": "kawasaki-friends", "name": "Kawasaki Friends", "aliases": [ "RHP Friends" ], "company": "kawasaki", "country": "JP", "category": "research", "status": "prototype", "status_note": "Lighter, human-friendly humanoid concept revealed 2022 alongside Kaleido.", "first_revealed": "2022", "announced": null, "generation": null, "predecessor": "kawasaki-kaleido", "form": "bipedal", "height_cm": null, "weight_kg": null, "payload_kg": null, "dof": null, "hand_dof": null, "hands": null, "battery_kwh": null, "runtime_hours": null, "walk_speed_ms": null, "actuation": "electric", "compute": null, "sensors": null, "ai_stack": null, "teleoperation": "partial", "teleop_note": null, "autonomy_evidence": "Walking demos at trade shows.", "price_usd": null, "price_note": "Not for sale.", "availability": "not for sale", "units_built_est": null, "units_deployed_est": null, "units_note": null, "customers": [], "summary": "Friends is a smaller humanoid from Kawasaki's Robust Humanoid Platform program, intended for work near people such as care and light service.", "highlights": [], "open_source": false, "open_source_note": null, "image": null, "video_url": null, "sources": [ { "title": "Kawasaki Robotics humanoid page", "url": "https://kawasakirobotics.com/", "date": null, "publisher": "Kawasaki Heavy Industries" } ], "last_verified": null }, { "slug": "kawasaki-kaleido", "name": "Kawasaki Kaleido", "aliases": [ "RHP Kaleido", "Kaleido 7", "Kaleido 8" ], "company": "kawasaki", "country": "JP", "category": "research", "status": "prototype", "status_note": "Rugged humanoid platform iterated since 2017 (eighth version shown 2023); aimed at disaster response and nursing, not yet a product.", "first_revealed": "2017-11", "announced": null, "generation": 8, "predecessor": null, "form": "bipedal", "height_cm": 180, "weight_kg": 85, "payload_kg": 60, "dof": null, "hand_dof": null, "hands": null, "battery_kwh": null, "runtime_hours": null, "walk_speed_ms": null, "actuation": "electric, industrial robot components", "compute": null, "sensors": null, "ai_stack": null, "teleoperation": "partial", "teleop_note": null, "autonomy_evidence": "Fall-tolerant walking demos and lifting a person at iREX.", "price_usd": null, "price_note": "Not for sale.", "availability": "not for sale", "units_built_est": null, "units_deployed_est": null, "units_note": null, "customers": [], "summary": "Kaleido is Kawasaki Heavy Industries' full-size humanoid program, shown in successive versions at the iREX trade fair since 2017 and built with industrial-grade components to survive falls.", "highlights": [ "Eight iterations since 2017", "Designed to survive falls" ], "open_source": false, "open_source_note": null, "image": null, "video_url": null, "sources": [ { "title": "Kawasaki Robotics humanoid page", "url": "https://kawasakirobotics.com/", "date": null, "publisher": "Kawasaki Heavy Industries" } ], "last_verified": null }, { "slug": "keenon-xman-r1", "name": "Keenon XMAN-R1", "aliases": [ "XMAN-R1", "XMAN R1" ], "company": "keenon", "country": "CN", "category": "service", "status": "limited-production", "status_note": "Wheeled service humanoid announced 2025 by Keenon; a bipedal XMAN-F1 followed.", "first_revealed": "2025-03", "announced": null, "generation": 1, "predecessor": null, "form": "wheeled-base", "height_cm": null, "weight_kg": null, "payload_kg": null, "dof": null, "hand_dof": null, "hands": "dexterous hands", "battery_kwh": null, "runtime_hours": null, "walk_speed_ms": null, "actuation": "electric", "compute": null, "sensors": null, "ai_stack": null, "teleoperation": "partial", "teleop_note": null, "autonomy_evidence": "Beverage preparation and delivery demos.", "price_usd": null, "price_note": "No public price.", "availability": "enterprise only", "units_built_est": null, "units_deployed_est": null, "units_note": null, "customers": [], "summary": "XMAN-R1 is the first humanoid from Keenon Robotics, the Shanghai delivery-robot maker, built on its wheeled service platform.", "highlights": [], "open_source": false, "open_source_note": null, "image": { "url": "/img/robots/keenon-xman-r1.webp", "width": 1200, "height": 570, "credit": "Keenon Robotics press image", "license": null, "page": "https://www.keenonrobot.com/" }, "video_url": null, "sources": [ { "title": "Keenon Robotics official site", "url": "https://www.keenon.com/", "date": null, "publisher": "Keenon Robotics" } ], "last_verified": "2026-09-04" }, { "slug": "kepler-k1", "name": "Kepler Forerunner K1", "aliases": [ "K1 Forerunner", "Forerunner" ], "company": "kepler", "country": "CN", "category": "industrial", "status": "discontinued", "status_note": "First generation revealed November 2023; replaced by K2 Bumblebee.", "first_revealed": "2023-11", "announced": null, "generation": 1, "predecessor": null, "form": "bipedal", "height_cm": 178, "weight_kg": 85, "payload_kg": null, "dof": 40, "hand_dof": 12, "hands": "12-DOF hands", "battery_kwh": null, "runtime_hours": null, "walk_speed_ms": null, "actuation": "electric, planetary roller screw linear actuators", "compute": null, "sensors": null, "ai_stack": null, "teleoperation": "unknown", "teleop_note": null, "autonomy_evidence": "Walking demos at CES 2024.", "price_usd": 30000, "price_note": "Target price of about USD 30,000 stated at launch; not a confirmed sale price.", "availability": "not for sale", "units_built_est": null, "units_deployed_est": null, "units_note": null, "customers": [], "summary": "Forerunner K1 was Shanghai startup Kepler's first humanoid, shown at CES 2024 with a stated USD 30,000 target price and roller-screw linear actuators similar in concept to Tesla Optimus.", "highlights": [ "USD 30,000 target price" ], "open_source": false, "open_source_note": null, "image": null, "video_url": null, "sources": [ { "title": "Kepler Robotics official site", "url": "https://www.gotokepler.com/", "date": null, "publisher": "Kepler" } ], "last_verified": null }, { "slug": "kepler-k2-bumblebee", "name": "Kepler K2 Bumblebee", "aliases": [ "Forerunner K2", "K2" ], "company": "kepler", "country": "CN", "category": "industrial", "status": "pilot", "status_note": "Fifth-generation K2 shown 2025 and piloted in automotive logistics; small-batch production.", "first_revealed": "2024-11", "announced": null, "generation": 2, "predecessor": "kepler-k1", "form": "bipedal", "height_cm": 178, "weight_kg": 85, "payload_kg": 30, "dof": 52, "hand_dof": 11, "hands": "11-DOF hands with tactile sensors", "battery_kwh": 2.33, "runtime_hours": 8, "walk_speed_ms": null, "actuation": "electric, rotary and linear actuators", "compute": null, "sensors": null, "ai_stack": null, "teleoperation": "partial", "teleop_note": null, "autonomy_evidence": "Box carrying and factory patrol demos; pilot in a SAIC-GM plant reported in 2025 (verify).", "price_usd": null, "price_note": "No confirmed public price; company still cites about USD 30,000 target.", "availability": "enterprise only", "units_built_est": null, "units_deployed_est": null, "units_note": null, "customers": [], "summary": "K2 Bumblebee is Kepler's production-intent industrial humanoid with 52 degrees of freedom, a 30 kg payload and an 8-hour battery claim.", "highlights": [ "30 kg payload claim", "8 hours runtime claim" ], "open_source": false, "open_source_note": null, "image": { "url": "/img/robots/kepler-k2-bumblebee.webp", "width": 1200, "height": 1200, "credit": "Kepler Robotics press image", "license": null, "page": "https://www.gotokepler.com/" }, "video_url": null, "sources": [ { "title": "Kepler Robotics official site", "url": "https://www.gotokepler.com/", "date": null, "publisher": "Kepler" } ], "last_verified": null }, { "slug": "kondo-khr-3hv", "name": "Kondo KHR-3HV", "aliases": [ "KHR-3HV", "KHR-1", "KHR-2HV" ], "company": "kondo", "country": "JP", "category": "education", "status": "commercial", "status_note": "Hobby humanoid kit line since 2004; KHR-3HV (2009) still sold and used in ROBO-ONE competitions.", "first_revealed": "2009", "announced": null, "generation": 3, "predecessor": null, "form": "bipedal", "height_cm": 40, "weight_kg": 1.5, "payload_kg": null, "dof": 17, "hand_dof": null, "hands": null, "battery_kwh": null, "runtime_hours": null, "walk_speed_ms": null, "actuation": "KRS serial servos", "compute": "RCB-4 controller board", "sensors": "optional gyro and accelerometer", "ai_stack": null, "teleoperation": "yes", "teleop_note": "Controlled by remote or PC software.", "autonomy_evidence": "Pre-programmed motions; autonomous behaviour depends on user programming.", "price_usd": 1500, "price_note": "Kit priced around JPY 150,000 to 190,000 depending on configuration.", "availability": "in stock", "units_built_est": null, "units_deployed_est": null, "units_note": null, "customers": [], "summary": "The Kondo KHR series, starting with KHR-1 in 2004, made bipedal humanoids affordable for hobbyists and schools. KHR-3HV is the long-running current model.", "highlights": [ "Hobby humanoid kit since 2004" ], "open_source": false, "open_source_note": null, "image": null, "video_url": null, "sources": [ { "title": "Kondo Kagaku KHR-3HV", "url": "https://kondo-robot.com/product/03068", "date": null, "publisher": "Kondo Kagaku" } ], "last_verified": "2026-09-04" }, { "slug": "leju-kuavo", "name": "Leju Kuavo", "aliases": [ "Kuafu", "Kuavo 4.0", "Kuavo 4 Pro" ], "company": "leju", "country": "CN", "category": "general-purpose", "status": "commercial", "status_note": "Kuavo 4.0 (December 2024) and 4 Pro (2025) sold to research, education and industrial pilot customers; partly open source.", "first_revealed": "2023-12", "announced": null, "generation": 4, "predecessor": null, "form": "bipedal", "height_cm": null, "weight_kg": null, "payload_kg": null, "dof": null, "hand_dof": null, "hands": "dexterous hands", "battery_kwh": null, "runtime_hours": null, "walk_speed_ms": null, "actuation": "electric", "compute": null, "sensors": null, "ai_stack": "Huawei Pangu models via OpenHarmony", "teleoperation": "partial", "teleop_note": null, "autonomy_evidence": "Finished the Beijing humanoid half marathon in April 2025; factory logistics pilots in Shenzhen.", "price_usd": null, "price_note": "No verified public price.", "availability": "in stock", "units_built_est": null, "units_deployed_est": null, "units_note": null, "customers": [], "summary": "Kuavo is the humanoid line of Leju Robotics, a Shenzhen company in the Huawei ecosystem. Kuavo 4.0 was released with open-source components in December 2024.", "highlights": [ "Huawei ecosystem partner", "Finished the 2025 Beijing humanoid half marathon" ], "open_source": true, "open_source_note": "Kuavo open-source edition released 2024; full product is proprietary.", "image": { "url": "/img/robots/leju-kuavo.webp", "width": 831, "height": 830, "credit": "Leju Robotics press image", "license": null, "page": "https://www.lejurobot.com/" }, "video_url": null, "sources": [ { "title": "Leju Robotics official site", "url": "https://www.lejurobot.com/", "date": null, "publisher": "Leju Robotics" } ], "last_verified": null }, { "slug": "leonardo", "name": "LEONARDO", "aliases": [ "LEO" ], "company": "caltech", "country": "US", "category": "research", "status": "research", "status_note": "Research prototype at Caltech's Center for Autonomous Systems and Technologies.", "first_revealed": "2021-10", "announced": null, "generation": 1, "predecessor": null, "form": "bipedal", "height_cm": 75, "weight_kg": 2.6, "payload_kg": null, "dof": null, "hand_dof": null, "hands": "none", "battery_kwh": null, "runtime_hours": null, "walk_speed_ms": null, "actuation": "electric leg servos plus four electric ducted fan thrusters", "compute": "onboard flight controller", "sensors": "IMU, joint encoders", "ai_stack": "hybrid walking and flying controller", "teleoperation": "partial", "teleop_note": null, "autonomy_evidence": "Science Robotics paper shows walking a slackline, riding a skateboard and flying between walking segments", "price_usd": null, "price_note": "research prototype", "availability": "not for sale", "units_built_est": 1, "units_deployed_est": null, "units_note": null, "customers": [], "summary": "LEONARDO (LEgs ONboARD drOne) is a 75 cm, 2.6 kg bipedal robot from Caltech that combines walking legs with four thrusters so it can walk, fly and do hybrid manoeuvres. It was presented in Science Robotics in October 2021 walking a slackline and riding a skateboard. It is a research platform, not a general purpose humanoid.", "highlights": [ "Walks and flies with ducted fan thrusters", "Slackline and skateboard demonstrations", "Published in Science Robotics 2021" ], "open_source": false, "open_source_note": null, "image": null, "video_url": null, "sources": [ { "title": "LEONARDO, the Bipedal Robot, Can Ride a Skateboard and Walk a Slackline", "url": "https://www.caltech.edu/about/news/leonardo-the-bipedal-robot-can-ride-a-skateboard-and-walk-a-slackline", "date": "2021-10-06", "publisher": "Caltech" } ], "last_verified": "2026-09-04" }, { "slug": "limx-cl-1", "name": "LimX CL-1", "aliases": [ "CL-1" ], "company": "limx-dynamics", "country": "CN", "category": "research", "status": "prototype", "status_note": "Full-size research prototype shown climbing stairs in December 2023; developed further in 2024, not sold broadly.", "first_revealed": "2023-12", "announced": null, "generation": 1, "predecessor": null, "form": "bipedal", "height_cm": null, "weight_kg": null, "payload_kg": null, "dof": null, "hand_dof": null, "hands": null, "battery_kwh": null, "runtime_hours": null, "walk_speed_ms": null, "actuation": "electric", "compute": null, "sensors": null, "ai_stack": "perception-based RL locomotion", "teleoperation": "unknown", "teleop_note": null, "autonomy_evidence": "Stair climbing with real-time terrain perception (video, December 2023); box moving demo in 2024.", "price_usd": null, "price_note": "Not sold.", "availability": "not for sale", "units_built_est": null, "units_deployed_est": null, "units_note": null, "customers": [], "summary": "CL-1 was LimX Dynamics' first humanoid, notable for early perception-driven stair climbing. It served as the precursor to the Oli product.", "highlights": [ "Perceptive stair climbing, December 2023" ], "open_source": false, "open_source_note": null, "image": null, "video_url": null, "sources": [ { "title": "LimX Dynamics official site", "url": "https://www.limxdynamics.com/", "date": null, "publisher": "LimX Dynamics" } ], "last_verified": null }, { "slug": "limx-oli", "name": "LimX Oli", "aliases": [ "Oli" ], "company": "limx-dynamics", "country": "CN", "category": "research", "status": "commercial", "status_note": "Full-size modular humanoid launched mid 2025 for developers and research.", "first_revealed": "2025-06", "announced": null, "generation": 2, "predecessor": "limx-cl-1", "form": "bipedal", "height_cm": 165, "weight_kg": 55, "payload_kg": null, "dof": 31, "hand_dof": null, "hands": "optional", "battery_kwh": null, "runtime_hours": null, "walk_speed_ms": null, "actuation": "electric", "compute": null, "sensors": null, "ai_stack": null, "teleoperation": "partial", "teleop_note": null, "autonomy_evidence": "Walking, dancing and manipulation demos.", "price_usd": null, "price_note": "Public price unverified.", "availability": "in stock", "units_built_est": null, "units_deployed_est": null, "units_note": null, "customers": [], "summary": "Oli is LimX Dynamics' full-size humanoid product with a modular design intended for research and development customers.", "highlights": [ "Modular arms and hands" ], "open_source": false, "open_source_note": null, "image": null, "video_url": null, "sources": [ { "title": "LimX Oli page", "url": "https://www.limxdynamics.com/en/oli", "date": null, "publisher": "LimX Dynamics" } ], "last_verified": null }, { "slug": "limx-tron-1", "name": "LimX TRON 1", "aliases": [ "TRON1" ], "company": "limx-dynamics", "country": "CN", "category": "research", "status": "commercial", "status_note": "Modular biped with swappable point, sole and wheeled feet, shipping to universities since late 2024.", "first_revealed": "2024-10", "announced": null, "generation": 1, "predecessor": null, "form": "bipedal", "height_cm": 85, "weight_kg": 20, "payload_kg": 10, "dof": null, "hand_dof": null, "hands": "optional single arm", "battery_kwh": null, "runtime_hours": 2, "walk_speed_ms": null, "actuation": "electric", "compute": null, "sensors": "optional depth camera and LiDAR", "ai_stack": "open SDK, RL examples", "teleoperation": "partial", "teleop_note": null, "autonomy_evidence": "Outdoor terrain locomotion demos; used in university research.", "price_usd": 15000, "price_note": "Reported starting price around USD 15,000 (verify).", "availability": "in stock", "units_built_est": null, "units_deployed_est": null, "units_note": null, "customers": [], "summary": "TRON 1 is a legs-only biped research platform whose feet can be swapped between point, flat and wheeled configurations. It is one of the lower-cost legged research robots.", "highlights": [ "Three interchangeable foot types" ], "open_source": false, "open_source_note": null, "image": { "url": "/img/robots/limx-tron-1.webp", "width": 688, "height": 756, "credit": "LimX Dynamics press image", "license": null, "page": "https://www.limxdynamics.com/en" }, "video_url": null, "sources": [ { "title": "LimX TRON 1 page", "url": "https://www.limxdynamics.com/en/tron1", "date": null, "publisher": "LimX Dynamics" } ], "last_verified": "2026-09-04" }, { "slug": "magiclab-magicbot", "name": "MagicLab MagicBot", "aliases": [ "MagicBot Gen1", "MagicBot Gen2" ], "company": "magiclab", "country": "CN", "category": "industrial", "status": "pilot", "status_note": "Full-size humanoid in factory pilots (including Dreame's own plants) and 2025 batch deliveries.", "first_revealed": "2024-12", "announced": null, "generation": 1, "predecessor": null, "form": "bipedal", "height_cm": 174, "weight_kg": null, "payload_kg": null, "dof": null, "hand_dof": null, "hands": "dexterous hands", "battery_kwh": null, "runtime_hours": null, "walk_speed_ms": null, "actuation": "electric", "compute": null, "sensors": null, "ai_stack": null, "teleoperation": "partial", "teleop_note": null, "autonomy_evidence": "Factory sorting and screwing demos; performances at trade shows.", "price_usd": null, "price_note": "No public price.", "availability": "enterprise only", "units_built_est": null, "units_deployed_est": null, "units_note": null, "customers": [], "summary": "MagicBot is the full-size humanoid of MagicLab, a Suzhou company incubated by vacuum maker Dreame. It targets factory and commercial tasks.", "highlights": [ "Incubated by Dreame Technology" ], "open_source": false, "open_source_note": null, "image": { "url": "/img/robots/magiclab-magicbot.webp", "width": 1200, "height": 675, "credit": "MagicLab press image", "license": null, "page": "https://www.magiclab.top/" }, "video_url": null, "sources": [ { "title": "MagicLab official site", "url": "https://www.magiclab.top/", "date": null, "publisher": "MagicLab" } ], "last_verified": null }, { "slug": "magiclab-z1", "name": "MagicLab MagicBot Z1", "aliases": [ "Z1 (MagicLab)" ], "company": "magiclab", "country": "CN", "category": "research", "status": "commercial", "status_note": "Compact humanoid for research and education launched 2025.", "first_revealed": "2025", "announced": null, "generation": null, "predecessor": null, "form": "bipedal", "height_cm": null, "weight_kg": null, "payload_kg": null, "dof": null, "hand_dof": null, "hands": null, "battery_kwh": null, "runtime_hours": null, "walk_speed_ms": null, "actuation": "electric", "compute": null, "sensors": null, "ai_stack": null, "teleoperation": "partial", "teleop_note": null, "autonomy_evidence": null, "price_usd": null, "price_note": null, "availability": "in stock", "units_built_est": null, "units_deployed_est": null, "units_note": null, "customers": [], "summary": "MagicBot Z1 is MagicLab's smaller humanoid aimed at the research and education market.", "highlights": [], "open_source": false, "open_source_note": null, "image": null, "video_url": null, "sources": [ { "title": "MagicLab official site", "url": "https://www.magiclab.top/", "date": null, "publisher": "MagicLab" } ], "last_verified": null }, { "slug": "mentee-menteebot", "name": "Menteebot", "aliases": [ "MenteeBot V3" ], "company": "mentee-robotics", "country": "IL", "category": "general-purpose", "status": "pilot", "status_note": "Production-ready V3 shown January 2025; early pilots in logistics and manufacturing.", "first_revealed": "2024-04-16", "announced": null, "generation": 3, "predecessor": null, "form": "bipedal", "height_cm": 175, "weight_kg": 70, "payload_kg": 25, "dof": null, "hand_dof": null, "hands": null, "battery_kwh": null, "runtime_hours": 5, "walk_speed_ms": null, "actuation": "electric, in-house actuators", "compute": null, "sensors": null, "ai_stack": "Simulation-to-reality reinforcement learning, in-house VLA", "teleoperation": "partial", "teleop_note": null, "autonomy_evidence": null, "price_usd": null, "price_note": "no public price", "availability": "enterprise only", "units_built_est": null, "units_deployed_est": null, "units_note": null, "customers": [], "summary": "Menteebot is the humanoid from Israeli startup Mentee Robotics, founded in 2022 by Amnon Shashua, Lior Wolf and Shai Shalev-Shwartz. First shown in April 2024, the production-intent V3 revealed in January 2025 is 175 cm, 70 kg with a 25 kg payload and five-hour battery.", "highlights": [ "Founded by Mobileye founder Amnon Shashua", "V3 production-ready January 2025", "Sim-to-real reinforcement learning" ], "open_source": false, "open_source_note": null, "image": null, "video_url": null, "sources": [ { "title": "Mentee Robotics", "url": "https://www.menteebot.com/", "date": null, "publisher": "Mentee Robotics" } ], "last_verified": null }, { "slug": "midea-humanoid", "name": "Midea humanoid", "aliases": [ "Midea Meiluo" ], "company": "midea", "country": "CN", "category": "industrial", "status": "pilot", "status_note": "Prototype revealed March 2025 and put to work in Midea's Jingzhou washing machine plant from May 2025.", "first_revealed": "2025-03", "announced": null, "generation": 1, "predecessor": null, "form": "bipedal", "height_cm": null, "weight_kg": null, "payload_kg": null, "dof": null, "hand_dof": null, "hands": null, "battery_kwh": null, "runtime_hours": null, "walk_speed_ms": null, "actuation": "electric", "compute": null, "sensors": null, "ai_stack": null, "teleoperation": "unknown", "teleop_note": null, "autonomy_evidence": "Equipment inspection and material handling in the Jingzhou factory (company video).", "price_usd": null, "price_note": "Not for sale.", "availability": "not for sale", "units_built_est": null, "units_deployed_est": null, "units_note": null, "customers": [], "summary": "Appliance maker Midea, owner of KUKA, revealed its own humanoid in March 2025 and began using it in its Jingzhou factory two months later.", "highlights": [ "Built by the owner of KUKA" ], "open_source": false, "open_source_note": null, "image": null, "video_url": null, "sources": [ { "title": "Midea Group official site", "url": "https://www.midea-group.com/", "date": null, "publisher": "Midea Group" } ], "last_verified": null }, { "slug": "enchanted-tools-mirokai", "name": "Mirokai", "aliases": [ "Miroki", "Miroka" ], "company": "enchanted-tools", "country": "FR", "category": "service", "status": "pilot", "status_note": "Character robots piloted in French hospitals and events; company restructured in 2025.", "first_revealed": "2023-01", "announced": null, "generation": null, "predecessor": null, "form": "wheeled-base", "height_cm": null, "weight_kg": null, "payload_kg": null, "dof": null, "hand_dof": null, "hands": null, "battery_kwh": null, "runtime_hours": null, "walk_speed_ms": null, "actuation": "electric, ball-balancing base", "compute": null, "sensors": null, "ai_stack": null, "teleoperation": "partial", "teleop_note": null, "autonomy_evidence": null, "price_usd": null, "price_note": "no public price", "availability": "enterprise only", "units_built_est": null, "units_deployed_est": null, "units_note": null, "customers": [], "summary": "Mirokai (Miroki and Miroka) are animated-character service robots from Paris startup Enchanted Tools, founded in 2021 by Aldebaran co-founder Jerome Monceaux. They balance on a single ball, have arms for light fetching tasks and were piloted in hospitals in France.", "highlights": [ "Ball-balancing base", "Hospital logistics pilots in France", "Founder from Aldebaran" ], "open_source": false, "open_source_note": null, "image": { "url": "/img/robots/enchanted-tools-mirokai.webp", "width": 1200, "height": 630, "credit": "Enchanted Tools press image", "license": null, "page": "https://enchanted.tools/" }, "video_url": null, "sources": [ { "title": "Enchanted Tools", "url": "https://enchanted.tools/", "date": null, "publisher": "Enchanted Tools" } ], "last_verified": null }, { "slug": "mit-humanoid", "name": "MIT Humanoid", "aliases": [], "company": "mit", "country": "US", "category": "research", "status": "research", "status_note": "Research platform of the MIT Biomimetic Robotics Lab; used for acrobatic control and reinforcement learning studies.", "first_revealed": "2021", "announced": null, "generation": 1, "predecessor": null, "form": "bipedal", "height_cm": null, "weight_kg": null, "payload_kg": null, "dof": null, "hand_dof": null, "hands": "none", "battery_kwh": null, "runtime_hours": null, "walk_speed_ms": null, "actuation": "electric proprioceptive actuators derived from the MIT Cheetah", "compute": "onboard computer", "sensors": "IMU, joint encoders", "ai_stack": "model predictive control and reinforcement learning policies", "teleoperation": "no", "teleop_note": null, "autonomy_evidence": "Published demonstrations of jumping, backflips in simulation and learned running and walking on hardware", "price_usd": null, "price_note": "research prototype", "availability": "not for sale", "units_built_est": null, "units_deployed_est": null, "units_note": null, "customers": [], "summary": "The MIT Humanoid is a small, high power bipedal robot from Sangbae Kim's Biomimetic Robotics Lab, built around the proprioceptive actuators of the MIT Cheetah quadrupeds. It was designed for dynamic and acrobatic behaviour such as jumping and flipping. It has served as a testbed for learning based locomotion.", "highlights": [ "Cheetah derived proprioceptive actuators", "Designed for acrobatic motion", "Used in reinforcement learning locomotion research" ], "open_source": false, "open_source_note": null, "image": null, "video_url": null, "sources": [ { "title": "The MIT Humanoid Robot: Design, Motion Planning, and Control For Acrobatic Behaviors", "url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2104.09025", "date": "2021-04", "publisher": "arXiv" } ], "last_verified": "2026-09-04" }, { "slug": "ihmc-nadia", "name": "Nadia", "aliases": [ "IHMC Nadia" ], "company": "ihmc", "country": "US", "category": "research", "status": "research", "status_note": "Research humanoid at IHMC, built with Boardwalk Robotics; used for teleoperation and locomotion research.", "first_revealed": "2022", "announced": null, "generation": 1, "predecessor": null, "form": "bipedal", "height_cm": null, "weight_kg": null, "payload_kg": null, "dof": null, "hand_dof": null, "hands": "interchangeable grippers and hands", "battery_kwh": null, "runtime_hours": null, "walk_speed_ms": null, "actuation": "electric with some hydraulic joints", "compute": "onboard computers", "sensors": "stereo cameras, lidar, IMU", "ai_stack": "IHMC whole body control software, VR teleoperation", "teleoperation": "yes", "teleop_note": "Designed for immersive VR teleoperation with shared autonomy", "autonomy_evidence": "Videos show walking, stair climbing and teleoperated manipulation; IHMC reports autonomous footstep planning", "price_usd": null, "price_note": "research platform", "availability": "not for sale", "units_built_est": null, "units_deployed_est": null, "units_note": null, "customers": [], "summary": "Nadia is a humanoid developed by the Florida Institute for Human and Machine Cognition with Boardwalk Robotics for research in whole-body teleoperation and dynamic walking. It follows IHMC's long involvement with Atlas and Valkyrie in the DARPA Robotics Challenge.", "highlights": [ "IHMC and Boardwalk Robotics", "VR teleoperation research" ], "open_source": false, "open_source_note": "IHMC's control software is open source", "image": null, "video_url": null, "sources": [ { "title": "IHMC Robotics", "url": "https://robots.ihmc.us/", "date": null, "publisher": "IHMC" } ], "last_verified": "2026-09-04" }, { "slug": "aldebaran-nao", "name": "NAO", "aliases": [ "NAO6" ], "company": "aldebaran", "country": "FR", "category": "education", "status": "commercial", "status_note": "Sold to schools and universities since 2008; current version NAO6 (2018); production continued after Aldebaran's 2025 insolvency and takeover.", "first_revealed": "2008", "announced": "2006", "generation": null, "predecessor": null, "form": "bipedal", "height_cm": 58, "weight_kg": 5.5, "payload_kg": null, "dof": 25, "hand_dof": null, "hands": null, "battery_kwh": null, "runtime_hours": null, "walk_speed_ms": null, "actuation": "electric", "compute": null, "sensors": "cameras, microphones, sonar, tactile sensors, IMU", "ai_stack": null, "teleoperation": "partial", "teleop_note": null, "autonomy_evidence": null, "price_usd": null, "price_note": "list price varies by region and reseller; roughly USD 9,000 to 15,000 for NAO6", "availability": "enterprise only", "units_built_est": null, "units_deployed_est": null, "units_note": "Aldebaran has cited more than 13,000 units sold worldwide.", "customers": [], "summary": "NAO is a 58 cm programmable humanoid from Aldebaran, first sold in 2008 and adopted as the RoboCup standard platform. It is the most widely distributed humanoid in education and research with over 13,000 units. The current NAO6 dates from 2018.", "highlights": [ "RoboCup Standard Platform League robot since 2008", "Over 13,000 units sold", "NAO6 released 2018" ], "open_source": false, "open_source_note": null, "image": { "url": "/img/robots/aldebaran-nao.webp", "width": 751, "height": 1000, "credit": "Wikimedia Commons", "license": "CC0", "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Nao_Robot_(Robocup_2016).jpg" }, "video_url": null, "sources": [ { "title": "NAO", "url": "https://www.aldebaran.com/en/nao", "date": null, "publisher": "Aldebaran" }, { "title": "Nao (robot)", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nao_(robot)", "date": null, "publisher": "Wikipedia" } ], "last_verified": "2026-09-04" }, { "slug": "naver-ambidex", "name": "Naver Labs AMBIDEX", "aliases": [ "AMBIDEX" ], "company": "naver-labs", "country": "KR", "category": "research", "status": "research", "status_note": "Cable-driven dual-arm research robot developed with Korea University of Technology since 2017; not a product.", "first_revealed": "2018", "announced": null, "generation": null, "predecessor": null, "form": "upper-body", "height_cm": null, "weight_kg": null, "payload_kg": 3, "dof": null, "hand_dof": null, "hands": "grippers", "battery_kwh": null, "runtime_hours": null, "walk_speed_ms": null, "actuation": "cable-driven lightweight arms (about 2.6 kg each)", "compute": "cloud brain via 5G", "sensors": null, "ai_stack": "5G cloud control experiments with Qualcomm", "teleoperation": "yes", "teleop_note": "Teleoperation demos over 5G.", "autonomy_evidence": "Remote control over 5G at CES 2019; learning-based manipulation research.", "price_usd": null, "price_note": "Research robot.", "availability": "not for sale", "units_built_est": null, "units_deployed_est": null, "units_note": null, "customers": [], "summary": "AMBIDEX is Naver Labs' lightweight cable-driven dual-arm robot designed to be safe around people, used for 5G brainless-robot experiments and manipulation research.", "highlights": [ "Cable-driven arms weighing about 2.6 kg" ], "open_source": false, "open_source_note": null, "image": { "url": "/img/robots/naver-ambidex.webp", "width": 1200, "height": 638, "credit": "Naver Labs press image", "license": null, "page": "https://www.naverlabs.com/en/ambidex" }, "video_url": null, "sources": [ { "title": "Naver Labs AMBIDEX", "url": "https://www.naverlabs.com/en/ambidex", "date": null, "publisher": "Naver Labs" } ], "last_verified": null }, { "slug": "1x-neo", "name": "NEO", "aliases": [ "NEO home robot" ], "company": "1x", "country": "US", "category": "home", "status": "limited-production", "status_note": "Consumer preorders opened 28 October 2025 at USD 20,000 or USD 499 per month, with US deliveries planned in 2026; early units rely on remote human assistance for unfamiliar tasks.", "first_revealed": "2025-10-28", "announced": null, "generation": 3, "predecessor": "1x-neo-gamma", "form": "bipedal", "height_cm": 165, "weight_kg": 30, "payload_kg": 25, "dof": null, "hand_dof": null, "hands": "five-finger, tendon driven", "battery_kwh": null, "runtime_hours": 4, "walk_speed_ms": null, "actuation": "electric, tendon-driven", "compute": null, "sensors": null, "ai_stack": "1X Redwood model and 1X World Model", "teleoperation": "yes", "teleop_note": "An Expert Mode lets 1X staff teleoperate the robot with user permission for tasks it cannot do autonomously; this was widely reported at launch.", "autonomy_evidence": "1X videos show household chores; reviewers at launch (Wall Street Journal) found most tasks were teleoperated.", "price_usd": 20000, "price_note": "USD 20,000 purchase or USD 499 per month subscription (US launch pricing)", "availability": "preorder", "units_built_est": null, "units_deployed_est": null, "units_note": null, "customers": [], "summary": "NEO is 1X's consumer home humanoid, opened for preorder on 28 October 2025 at USD 20,000 with deliveries planned for 2026. It is about 30 kg, tendon-driven and wears a soft suit, and it uses remote human operators for tasks it cannot yet do autonomously. It is the first humanoid marketed directly to households at a published price.", "highlights": [ "USD 20,000 or USD 499 per month", "165 cm, about 30 kg, 4 hour runtime", "Expert Mode teleoperation with user consent", "US deliveries planned 2026" ], "open_source": false, "open_source_note": null, "image": { "url": "/img/robots/1x-neo.webp", "width": 559, "height": 1200, "credit": "1X Technologies press image", "license": null, "page": "https://www.1x.tech/neo" }, "video_url": null, "sources": [ { "title": "NEO", "url": "https://www.1x.tech/neo", "date": null, "publisher": "1X" }, { "title": "1X Technologies", "url": "https://www.1x.tech/", "date": null, "publisher": "1X" } ], "last_verified": "2026-09-04" }, { "slug": "1x-neo-beta", "name": "NEO Beta", "aliases": [], "company": "1x", "country": "US", "category": "home", "status": "prototype", "status_note": "Prototype shown August 2024; superseded by NEO Gamma.", "first_revealed": "2024-08-30", "announced": null, "generation": 1, "predecessor": "1x-eve", "form": "bipedal", "height_cm": 165, "weight_kg": 30, "payload_kg": null, "dof": null, "hand_dof": null, "hands": null, "battery_kwh": null, "runtime_hours": null, "walk_speed_ms": null, "actuation": "electric, tendon-driven with high-torque low-gear motors", "compute": null, "sensors": null, "ai_stack": null, "teleoperation": "partial", "teleop_note": null, "autonomy_evidence": null, "price_usd": null, "price_note": "no public price", "availability": "not for sale", "units_built_est": null, "units_deployed_est": null, "units_note": null, "customers": [], "summary": "NEO Beta was the first bipedal home humanoid 1X showed, in August 2024, using tendon-driven actuation to keep the robot light and safe around people. It was followed by NEO Gamma in February 2025 and the consumer NEO in October 2025.", "highlights": [ "Tendon-driven, about 30 kg", "First 1X biped shown publicly" ], "open_source": false, "open_source_note": null, "image": null, "video_url": null, "sources": [ { "title": "1X Technologies", "url": "https://www.1x.tech/", "date": null, "publisher": "1X" } ], "last_verified": null }, { "slug": "1x-neo-gamma", "name": "NEO Gamma", "aliases": [], "company": "1x", "country": "US", "category": "home", "status": "prototype", "status_note": "Home-testing prototype shown February 2025 with a knit suit; superseded by the consumer NEO.", "first_revealed": "2025-02-21", "announced": null, "generation": 2, "predecessor": "1x-neo-beta", "form": "bipedal", "height_cm": 165, "weight_kg": 30, "payload_kg": null, "dof": null, "hand_dof": null, "hands": null, "battery_kwh": null, "runtime_hours": null, "walk_speed_ms": null, "actuation": "electric, tendon-driven", "compute": null, "sensors": null, "ai_stack": null, "teleoperation": "partial", "teleop_note": null, "autonomy_evidence": null, "price_usd": null, "price_note": "no public price", "availability": "not for sale", "units_built_est": null, "units_deployed_est": null, "units_note": null, "customers": [], "summary": "NEO Gamma, revealed in February 2025, added a soft knit suit, quieter actuators and an onboard visual manipulation model for early home testing. It was the direct predecessor of the NEO consumer product.", "highlights": [ "Knit textile suit", "Home testing in 2025" ], "open_source": false, "open_source_note": null, "image": null, "video_url": null, "sources": [ { "title": "1X Technologies", "url": "https://www.1x.tech/", "date": null, "publisher": "1X" } ], "last_verified": null }, { "slug": "nimbro-op2x", "name": "NimbRo-OP2X", "aliases": [ "NimbRo-OP2", "NimbRo-OP" ], "company": "university-of-bonn", "country": "DE", "category": "research", "status": "research", "status_note": "Open source adult size RoboCup platform of the University of Bonn; multiple RoboCup Humanoid League titles.", "first_revealed": "2018", "announced": null, "generation": 3, "predecessor": null, "form": "bipedal", "height_cm": 135, "weight_kg": null, "payload_kg": null, "dof": 18, "hand_dof": null, "hands": "none", "battery_kwh": null, "runtime_hours": null, "walk_speed_ms": null, "actuation": "electric, Dynamixel servos with 3D printed gearing", "compute": "onboard PC with GPU", "sensors": "wide angle camera, IMU, joint encoders", "ai_stack": "deep learning vision and open source gait control", "teleoperation": "no", "teleop_note": null, "autonomy_evidence": "Fully autonomous soccer; won the RoboCup Humanoid League adult size competitions in several years", "price_usd": null, "price_note": "not sold commercially; designs are open", "availability": "not for sale", "units_built_est": null, "units_deployed_est": null, "units_note": null, "customers": [], "summary": "NimbRo-OP2X is an open source, largely 3D printed, adult size humanoid from the Autonomous Intelligent Systems group at the University of Bonn led by Sven Behnke. It is the third generation of the NimbRo-OP line that started in 2012 and has won multiple RoboCup Humanoid League adult size titles. Hardware designs and software are public.", "highlights": [ "3D printed adult size open platform", "Multiple RoboCup adult size titles", "Deep learning based perception on board" ], "open_source": true, "open_source_note": "CAD and software available on GitHub", "image": null, "video_url": null, "sources": [ { "title": "NimbRo-OP", "url": "https://www.nimbro.net/OP/", "date": null, "publisher": "University of Bonn" } ], "last_verified": "2026-09-04" }, { "slug": "noetix-bumi", "name": "Noetix Bumi", "aliases": [ "Bumi" ], "company": "noetix", "country": "CN", "category": "education", "status": "commercial", "status_note": "Sub-CNY 10,000 hobby humanoid launched late 2025 and shipping in 2026.", "first_revealed": "2025-10", "announced": null, "generation": null, "predecessor": null, "form": "bipedal", "height_cm": 94, "weight_kg": 12, "payload_kg": null, "dof": null, "hand_dof": null, "hands": null, "battery_kwh": null, "runtime_hours": null, "walk_speed_ms": null, "actuation": "electric", "compute": null, "sensors": null, "ai_stack": null, "teleoperation": "partial", "teleop_note": null, "autonomy_evidence": "Dance and walking demos.", "price_usd": 1400, "price_note": "CNY 9,998 launch price (about USD 1,400).", "availability": "preorder", "units_built_est": null, "units_deployed_est": null, "units_note": null, "customers": [], "summary": "Bumi is a 94 cm, 12 kg humanoid priced under CNY 10,000, positioned by Noetix as a consumer and education robot.", "highlights": [ "First full humanoid under CNY 10,000" ], "open_source": false, "open_source_note": null, "image": { "url": "/img/robots/noetix-bumi.webp", "width": 1200, "height": 717, "credit": "Noetix Robotics press image", "license": null, "page": "https://www.noetixrobotics.com/" }, "video_url": null, "sources": [ { "title": "Noetix Robotics official site", "url": "https://www.noetixrobotics.com/", "date": null, "publisher": "Noetix Robotics" } ], "last_verified": "2026-09-04" }, { "slug": "noetix-hobbs", "name": "Noetix Hobbs", "aliases": [ "Hobbs" ], "company": "noetix", "country": "CN", "category": "research", "status": "prototype", "status_note": "Bionic face humanoid platform shown 2025.", "first_revealed": "2025", "announced": null, "generation": null, "predecessor": null, "form": "bipedal", "height_cm": null, "weight_kg": null, "payload_kg": null, "dof": null, "hand_dof": null, "hands": null, "battery_kwh": null, "runtime_hours": null, "walk_speed_ms": null, "actuation": "electric", "compute": null, "sensors": null, "ai_stack": null, "teleoperation": "unknown", "teleop_note": null, "autonomy_evidence": null, "price_usd": null, "price_note": null, "availability": "not for sale", "units_built_est": null, "units_deployed_est": null, "units_note": null, "customers": [], "summary": "Hobbs is a Noetix humanoid with an expressive bionic face, shown as a research and interaction platform in 2025.", "highlights": [], "open_source": false, "open_source_note": null, "image": null, "video_url": null, "sources": [ { "title": "Noetix Robotics official site", "url": "https://www.noetixrobotics.com/", "date": null, "publisher": "Noetix Robotics" } ], "last_verified": null }, { "slug": "noetix-n2", "name": "Noetix N2", "aliases": [ "N2", "Songyan N2" ], "company": "noetix", "country": "CN", "category": "research", "status": "commercial", "status_note": "Low-cost 1.2 m humanoid shipping since 2025; finished second in the Beijing humanoid half marathon.", "first_revealed": "2025-03", "announced": null, "generation": 2, "predecessor": null, "form": "bipedal", "height_cm": 120, "weight_kg": 30, "payload_kg": null, "dof": 18, "hand_dof": null, "hands": null, "battery_kwh": null, "runtime_hours": null, "walk_speed_ms": 3.5, "actuation": "electric", "compute": null, "sensors": null, "ai_stack": null, "teleoperation": "partial", "teleop_note": null, "autonomy_evidence": "Second place in the April 2025 Beijing E-Town half marathon; backflips and dancing.", "price_usd": 5500, "price_note": "CNY 39,900 list price (about USD 5,500).", "availability": "in stock", "units_built_est": null, "units_deployed_est": null, "units_note": null, "customers": [], "summary": "N2 is a 1.2 m humanoid from Beijing startup Noetix priced at CNY 39,900, which placed second at the first humanoid half marathon in April 2025.", "highlights": [ "Second place, 2025 Beijing humanoid half marathon", "CNY 39,900 price" ], "open_source": false, "open_source_note": null, "image": { "url": "/img/robots/noetix-n2.webp", "width": 973, "height": 1200, "credit": "Noetix Robotics press image", "license": null, "page": "https://www.noetixrobotics.com/" }, "video_url": null, "sources": [ { "title": "Noetix Robotics official site", "url": "https://www.noetixrobotics.com/", "date": null, "publisher": "Noetix Robotics" } ], "last_verified": "2026-09-04" }, { "slug": "tesla-optimus-bumblebee", "name": "Optimus (Bumblebee prototype)", "aliases": [ "Bumblebee", "Tesla Bot prototype" ], "company": "tesla", "country": "US", "category": "general-purpose", "status": "retired", "status_note": "Early development mule shown walking on stage at Tesla AI Day 2022; superseded by Optimus Gen 1 and Gen 2.", "first_revealed": "2022-09-30", "announced": "2021-08-19", "generation": null, "predecessor": null, "form": "bipedal", "height_cm": null, "weight_kg": null, "payload_kg": null, "dof": null, "hand_dof": null, "hands": null, "battery_kwh": null, "runtime_hours": null, "walk_speed_ms": null, "actuation": "electric, largely off-the-shelf actuators", "compute": null, "sensors": null, "ai_stack": null, "teleoperation": "unknown", "teleop_note": null, "autonomy_evidence": "Walked unassisted on stage for a short distance at AI Day 2022; no independent deployment.", "price_usd": null, "price_note": "no public price", "availability": "not for sale", "units_built_est": null, "units_deployed_est": null, "units_note": null, "customers": [], "summary": "Bumblebee was the first physical Tesla humanoid, built in about six months after the 2021 Tesla Bot announcement using off-the-shelf parts. It walked on stage at AI Day on 30 September 2022 and was shown moving boxes in a video. It was a stepping stone toward the Tesla-designed Optimus Gen 1 shown the same day.", "highlights": [ "First Tesla humanoid to walk in public (AI Day 2022)", "Built with off-the-shelf actuators as a development mule", "Tesla Bot concept announced at AI Day 2021 with a person in a suit" ], "open_source": false, "open_source_note": null, "image": null, "video_url": "https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ODSJsviD_SU", "sources": [ { "title": "Tesla AI and Robotics", "url": "https://www.tesla.com/AI", "date": null, "publisher": "Tesla" }, { "title": "Optimus (robot)", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optimus_(robot)", "date": null, "publisher": "Wikipedia" }, { "title": "Tesla AI Day 2022", "url": "https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ODSJsviD_SU", "date": "2022-09-30", "publisher": "Tesla (YouTube)" } ], "last_verified": null }, { "slug": "tesla-optimus-gen-1", "name": "Optimus Gen 1", "aliases": [ "Optimus", "Tesla Bot" ], "company": "tesla", "country": "US", "category": "general-purpose", "status": "retired", "status_note": "Tesla-designed first generation shown in 2022 and walking in 2023; superseded by Gen 2 in December 2023.", "first_revealed": "2022-09-30", "announced": "2021-08-19", "generation": 1, "predecessor": "tesla-optimus-bumblebee", "form": "bipedal", "height_cm": 173, "weight_kg": 73, "payload_kg": 20, "dof": 28, "hand_dof": 11, "hands": "five-finger, 11 DoF, tendon driven", "battery_kwh": 2.3, "runtime_hours": null, "walk_speed_ms": null, "actuation": "electric, 28 Tesla-designed rotary and linear actuators", "compute": "Tesla FSD computer derivative", "sensors": "cameras (Autopilot derived vision)", "ai_stack": "Tesla FSD-derived neural networks", "teleoperation": "partial", "teleop_note": "Training used human teleoperation and motion capture; demos were mostly scripted or teleop-assisted.", "autonomy_evidence": "Videos in 2023 showed sorting blocks and yoga poses; no independent deployment reported.", "price_usd": null, "price_note": "no public price; Musk guided a long-term price of USD 20,000 to 30,000", "availability": "not for sale", "units_built_est": null, "units_deployed_est": null, "units_note": null, "customers": [], "summary": "Optimus Gen 1 was the first Tesla-designed humanoid, unveiled at AI Day 2022 with 28 actuators, an 11 DoF hand and a 2.3 kWh battery. It first walked untethered in videos in March and May 2023. Tesla positioned it as a product to be built at scale using its car-manufacturing know-how.", "highlights": [ "173 cm, about 73 kg, 2.3 kWh battery (Tesla 2022 spec)", "First untethered walking shown March 2023", "Sorting and yoga demo videos in 2023" ], "open_source": false, "open_source_note": null, "image": { "url": "/img/robots/tesla-optimus-gen-1.webp", "width": 675, "height": 1200, "credit": "Sikander via Wikimedia Commons", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Optimus_bot_at_Tesla_showroom_-_20251118_-_01.jpg" }, "video_url": null, "sources": [ { "title": "Tesla AI and Robotics", "url": "https://www.tesla.com/AI", "date": null, "publisher": "Tesla" }, { "title": "Optimus (robot)", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optimus_(robot)", "date": null, "publisher": "Wikipedia" } ], "last_verified": null }, { "slug": "tesla-optimus-gen-2", "name": "Optimus Gen 2", "aliases": [ "Optimus 2" ], "company": "tesla", "country": "US", "category": "general-purpose", "status": "pilot", "status_note": "Used in small numbers inside Tesla factories and at Tesla events (We Robot 2024, Tesla Diner 2025); not for sale.", "first_revealed": "2023-12-12", "announced": null, "generation": 2, "predecessor": "tesla-optimus-gen-1", "form": "bipedal", "height_cm": 173, "weight_kg": null, "payload_kg": null, "dof": null, "hand_dof": 11, "hands": "five-finger, 11 DoF, tactile sensing on all fingers", "battery_kwh": null, "runtime_hours": null, "walk_speed_ms": null, "actuation": "electric, Tesla-designed actuators and sensors, 2 DoF actuated neck, foot force and torque sensing", "compute": "Tesla FSD-derived computer", "sensors": "cameras, foot force/torque sensors, tactile fingertips", "ai_stack": "Tesla end-to-end neural networks trained partly from human video and teleoperation", "teleoperation": "yes", "teleop_note": "Units at the We Robot event on 10 October 2024 were confirmed by Tesla staff to be remotely assisted by humans.", "autonomy_evidence": "Tesla videos show battery cell sorting in a Tesla factory (2024) and walking on uneven ground; independent confirmation of autonomous production work is limited.", "price_usd": null, "price_note": "no public price", "availability": "not for sale", "units_built_est": null, "units_deployed_est": null, "units_note": "Musk said in 2024 that Tesla expected to have over 1,000 units working in its factories in 2025; no confirmed count.", "customers": [ "Tesla (internal)" ], "summary": "Optimus Gen 2, revealed on 12 December 2023, is about 10 kg lighter than Gen 1, walks 30 percent faster and has Tesla-designed actuators, an actuated neck and tactile fingers. It has been used for internal factory trials and at Tesla marketing events, where it was partly teleoperated. It is the version the public has seen most.", "highlights": [ "10 kg lighter and 30 percent faster walking than Gen 1", "11 DoF hands with tactile sensing", "Teleoperated at We Robot event, October 2024", "Served popcorn at Tesla Diner, Los Angeles, July 2025" ], "open_source": false, "open_source_note": null, "image": null, "video_url": "https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cpraXaw7dyc", "sources": [ { "title": "Optimus - Gen 2", "url": "https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cpraXaw7dyc", "date": "2023-12-12", "publisher": "Tesla (YouTube)" }, { "title": "Tesla AI and Robotics", "url": "https://www.tesla.com/AI", "date": null, "publisher": "Tesla" }, { "title": "Optimus (robot)", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optimus_(robot)", "date": null, "publisher": "Wikipedia" } ], "last_verified": null }, { "slug": "tesla-optimus-v3", "name": "Optimus V3", "aliases": [ "Optimus Gen 3", "Optimus 3" ], "company": "tesla", "country": "US", "category": "general-purpose", "status": "prototype", "status_note": "Third-generation design that Tesla says is the first production-intent Optimus; production line planned at Fremont in 2026.", "first_revealed": null, "announced": null, "generation": 3, "predecessor": "tesla-optimus-gen-2", "form": "bipedal", "height_cm": null, "weight_kg": null, "payload_kg": null, "dof": null, "hand_dof": 22, "hands": "five-finger, 22 DoF hand with forearm-mounted actuators (announced)", "battery_kwh": null, "runtime_hours": null, "walk_speed_ms": null, "actuation": "electric", "compute": null, "sensors": null, "ai_stack": "Tesla end-to-end neural networks, training from human video", "teleoperation": "unknown", "teleop_note": null, "autonomy_evidence": null, "price_usd": null, "price_note": "no public price; Musk has guided USD 20,000 to 30,000 at volume", "availability": "not for sale", "units_built_est": null, "units_deployed_est": null, "units_note": null, "customers": [], "summary": "Optimus V3 is the version Tesla describes as production-intent, with a new 22 DoF hand and forearm and a factory line in Fremont planned for 2026. Musk has repeatedly said V3 would be unveiled in early 2026 and that volume production is targeted for later in the decade. Tesla has stated a long-term ambition of one million units per year.", "highlights": [ "22 DoF hand and forearm announced", "Fremont production line planned for 2026", "Musk: external sales possibly from 2027" ], "open_source": false, "open_source_note": null, "image": null, "video_url": null, "sources": [ { "title": "Tesla AI and Robotics", "url": "https://www.tesla.com/AI", "date": null, "publisher": "Tesla" }, { "title": "Optimus (robot)", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optimus_(robot)", "date": null, "publisher": "Wikipedia" } ], "last_verified": "2026-09-04" }, { "slug": "softbank-pepper", "name": "Pepper", "aliases": [], "company": "softbank-robotics", "country": "JP", "category": "service", "status": "discontinued", "status_note": "Production paused in 2020 after about 27,000 units; support continued by Aldebaran; no new generation.", "first_revealed": "2014-06-05", "announced": null, "generation": null, "predecessor": null, "form": "wheeled-base", "height_cm": 120, "weight_kg": 28, "payload_kg": null, "dof": 20, "hand_dof": null, "hands": null, "battery_kwh": null, "runtime_hours": null, "walk_speed_ms": null, "actuation": "electric", "compute": null, "sensors": "cameras, 3D sensor, microphones, touch sensors, tablet", "ai_stack": null, "teleoperation": "no", "teleop_note": null, "autonomy_evidence": null, "price_usd": null, "price_note": "Japan launch price JPY 198,000 plus subscription (2015)", "availability": "discontinued", "units_built_est": 27000, "units_deployed_est": null, "units_note": "SoftBank confirmed in 2021 that about 27,000 units had been produced.", "customers": [], "summary": "Pepper is a 120 cm wheeled humanoid designed by Aldebaran for SoftBank and launched in June 2014 as a social robot for shops, banks and homes. About 27,000 were built before production paused in 2020. It is the most widely deployed social humanoid to date.", "highlights": [ "Launched 5 June 2014", "About 27,000 units built", "Production paused 2020" ], "open_source": false, "open_source_note": null, "image": { "url": "/img/robots/softbank-pepper.webp", "width": 667, "height": 1000, "credit": "Wikimedia Commons", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Pepper_the_Robot.jpg" }, "video_url": null, "sources": [ { "title": "Pepper (robot)", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pepper_(robot)", "date": null, "publisher": "Wikipedia" }, { "title": "Pepper", "url": "https://www.aldebaran.com/en/pepper", "date": null, "publisher": "Aldebaran" } ], "last_verified": null }, { "slug": "persona-ai-humanoid", "name": "Persona AI industrial humanoid", "aliases": [], "company": "persona-ai", "country": "US", "category": "industrial", "status": "prototype", "status_note": "Rugged humanoid for shipbuilding and heavy industry under development with HD Hyundai; first prototypes targeted for 2026.", "first_revealed": null, "announced": "2025", "generation": null, "predecessor": null, "form": "bipedal", "height_cm": null, "weight_kg": null, "payload_kg": null, "dof": null, "hand_dof": null, "hands": null, "battery_kwh": null, "runtime_hours": null, "walk_speed_ms": null, "actuation": "electric", "compute": null, "sensors": null, "ai_stack": null, "teleoperation": "unknown", "teleop_note": null, "autonomy_evidence": null, "price_usd": null, "price_note": "no public price", "availability": "not for sale", "units_built_est": null, "units_deployed_est": null, "units_note": null, "customers": [ "HD Hyundai (development partner)" ], "summary": "Persona AI, founded in Houston in 2024 by NASA Valkyrie and Nauticus veteran Nic Radford with Jerry Pratt (ex IHMC), is building a ruggedised humanoid for shipyards and other harsh industrial sites. It announced a development partnership with HD Hyundai's shipbuilding arms in 2025 for welding tasks.", "highlights": [ "Focus on shipbuilding welding", "HD Hyundai partnership (2025)", "Founders from NASA Valkyrie and IHMC" ], "open_source": false, "open_source_note": null, "image": null, "video_url": null, "sources": [ { "title": "Persona AI", "url": "https://www.personainc.ai/", "date": null, "publisher": "Persona AI" } ], "last_verified": null }, { "slug": "boston-dynamics-petman", "name": "PETMAN", "aliases": [ "Protection Ensemble Test Mannequin" ], "company": "boston-dynamics", "country": "US", "category": "historic", "status": "retired", "status_note": "Built for the US Army to test chemical protective clothing; work ended around 2013 and led into Atlas.", "first_revealed": "2011", "announced": "2009", "generation": null, "predecessor": null, "form": "bipedal", "height_cm": 180, "weight_kg": 80, "payload_kg": null, "dof": null, "hand_dof": null, "hands": null, "battery_kwh": null, "runtime_hours": null, "walk_speed_ms": 1.3, "actuation": "hydraulic, tethered", "compute": null, "sensors": null, "ai_stack": null, "teleoperation": "no", "teleop_note": null, "autonomy_evidence": null, "price_usd": null, "price_note": "government contract, no price", "availability": "not for sale", "units_built_est": null, "units_deployed_est": null, "units_note": null, "customers": [ "US Army (DoD)" ], "summary": "PETMAN was a hydraulic, tethered humanoid built by Boston Dynamics for the US Department of Defense to test chemical protection suits by walking, crouching and sweating. Videos in 2011 and 2013 showed it walking on a treadmill and doing push-ups. Its anthropomorphic legs and balance work fed directly into the first Atlas.", "highlights": [ "Tethered hydraulic biped for suit testing", "Walked at about 4.8 km/h on a treadmill", "Direct predecessor to Atlas" ], "open_source": false, "open_source_note": null, "image": null, "video_url": null, "sources": [ { "title": "Legacy robots", "url": "https://bostondynamics.com/legacy/", "date": null, "publisher": "Boston Dynamics" }, { "title": "PETMAN", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PETMAN", "date": null, "publisher": "Wikipedia" } ], "last_verified": null }, { "slug": "foundation-phantom", "name": "Phantom", "aliases": [ "Phantom MK-1" ], "company": "foundation-robotics", "country": "US", "category": "industrial", "status": "prototype", "status_note": "Prototype humanoid aimed at industrial and defense use; limited public deployments.", "first_revealed": "2025", "announced": null, "generation": null, "predecessor": null, "form": "bipedal", "height_cm": null, "weight_kg": null, "payload_kg": null, "dof": null, "hand_dof": null, "hands": null, "battery_kwh": null, "runtime_hours": null, "walk_speed_ms": null, "actuation": "electric", "compute": null, "sensors": null, "ai_stack": null, "teleoperation": "partial", "teleop_note": null, "autonomy_evidence": null, "price_usd": null, "price_note": "no public price", "availability": "not for sale", "units_built_est": null, "units_deployed_est": null, "units_note": null, "customers": [], "summary": "Phantom is the humanoid from San Francisco startup Foundation Robotics Labs, founded in 2024 by Sankaet Pathak and Mike LeBlanc. The company targets industrial and defense customers and has shown prototypes performing teleoperated and semi-autonomous tasks.", "highlights": [ "Defense and industrial positioning", "Founded 2024" ], "open_source": false, "open_source_note": null, "image": null, "video_url": null, "sources": [ { "title": "Foundation", "url": "https://www.foundation.bot/", "date": null, "publisher": "Foundation Robotics Labs" } ], "last_verified": null }, { "slug": "sanctuary-phoenix", "name": "Phoenix", "aliases": [ "Phoenix Gen 6", "Phoenix Gen 7", "Phoenix Gen 8" ], "company": "sanctuary-ai", "country": "CA", "category": "general-purpose", "status": "pilot", "status_note": "Successive generations (Gen 6 in 2023, Gen 7 in 2024, Gen 8 in 2025) used in pilots with Magna and others; not for sale.", "first_revealed": "2023-05-16", "announced": null, "generation": 6, "predecessor": null, "form": "bipedal", "height_cm": 170, "weight_kg": 70, "payload_kg": 25, "dof": null, "hand_dof": null, "hands": "five-finger, hydraulic hands with about 20 DoF and tactile sensing", "battery_kwh": null, "runtime_hours": null, "walk_speed_ms": null, "actuation": "electric body with miniature hydraulic hands", "compute": null, "sensors": null, "ai_stack": "Carbon AI control system, teleoperation-first data collection", "teleoperation": "yes", "teleop_note": "Sanctuary's approach trains autonomy from teleoperated task data; pilots have used teleoperation.", "autonomy_evidence": "Pilots with Magna (automotive parts) and a retail pilot with Mark's in Canada (2023) reported by the company.", "price_usd": null, "price_note": "no public price", "availability": "not for sale", "units_built_est": null, "units_deployed_est": null, "units_note": null, "customers": [ "Magna International" ], "summary": "Phoenix is Sanctuary AI's general-purpose humanoid, first shown as Gen 6 in May 2023 and iterated to Gen 7 in April 2024 and Gen 8 in 2025. Its distinguishing feature is fast, miniaturised hydraulic hands with tactile sensing. Sanctuary has a manufacturing and deployment partnership with Magna.", "highlights": [ "Miniature hydraulic hands with tactile sensors", "Gen 7 unveiled April 2024", "Magna partnership for manufacturing and pilots" ], "open_source": false, "open_source_note": null, "image": null, "video_url": null, "sources": [ { "title": "Sanctuary AI", "url": "https://www.sanctuary.ai/", "date": null, "publisher": "Sanctuary AI" }, { "title": "Sanctuary AI", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanctuary_AI", "date": null, "publisher": "Wikipedia" } ], "last_verified": null }, { "slug": "pndbotics-adam", "name": "PNDbotics Adam", "aliases": [ "Adam", "Adam-U" ], "company": "pndbotics", "country": "CN", "category": "research", "status": "commercial", "status_note": "Research humanoid sold since 2024; an upper-body Adam-U variant followed.", "first_revealed": "2023", "announced": null, "generation": 1, "predecessor": null, "form": "bipedal", "height_cm": 160, "weight_kg": 60, "payload_kg": null, "dof": 44, "hand_dof": null, "hands": "optional dexterous hands", "battery_kwh": null, "runtime_hours": null, "walk_speed_ms": null, "actuation": "electric (quasi-direct-drive actuators)", "compute": null, "sensors": null, "ai_stack": "imitation learning; natural gait via RL", "teleoperation": "partial", "teleop_note": null, "autonomy_evidence": "Human-like walking demos; shown at CES 2025 and IROS.", "price_usd": null, "price_note": "No public price.", "availability": "in stock", "units_built_est": null, "units_deployed_est": null, "units_note": null, "customers": [], "summary": "Adam is a full-size research humanoid from Beijing startup PNDbotics, noted for its natural walking gait and use in imitation-learning research.", "highlights": [ "Natural gait demos at CES 2025" ], "open_source": false, "open_source_note": null, "image": { "url": "/img/robots/pndbotics-adam.webp", "width": 1200, "height": 775, "credit": "PNDbotics press image", "license": null, "page": "https://www.pndbotics.com/" }, "video_url": null, "sources": [ { "title": "PNDbotics official site", "url": "https://www.pndbotics.com/", "date": null, "publisher": "PNDbotics" } ], "last_verified": "2026-09-04" }, { "slug": "poppy-humanoid", "name": "Poppy Humanoid", "aliases": [ "Poppy" ], "company": "inria", "country": "FR", "category": "education", "status": "research", "status_note": "Open source design maintained by the Poppy community; kits were sold by Generation Robots.", "first_revealed": "2014", "announced": null, "generation": 1, "predecessor": null, "form": "bipedal", "height_cm": 83, "weight_kg": 3.5, "payload_kg": null, "dof": 25, "hand_dof": null, "hands": "none", "battery_kwh": null, "runtime_hours": null, "walk_speed_ms": null, "actuation": "electric, Dynamixel servos", "compute": "single board computer", "sensors": "cameras, IMU", "ai_stack": "pypot Python library", "teleoperation": "no", "teleop_note": null, "autonomy_evidence": "Research on walking morphology and education; walking with light assistance", "price_usd": null, "price_note": "kits cost several thousand euros", "availability": "not for sale", "units_built_est": null, "units_deployed_est": null, "units_note": "Built by many schools and labs from the open design", "customers": [], "summary": "Poppy Humanoid is an 83 cm, 3D printed open source humanoid developed at the Inria Flowers team in Bordeaux by Matthieu Lapeyre and Pierre-Yves Oudeyer. It was created to study the role of body morphology in walking and became an education and art platform. Designs and the pypot software are fully open.", "highlights": [ "3D printed open source humanoid", "Studied the role of morphology in walking", "Used in education and art projects" ], "open_source": true, "open_source_note": "Creative Commons and GPL licences", "image": null, "video_url": null, "sources": [ { "title": "Poppy Humanoid", "url": "https://www.poppy-project.org/en/robots/poppy-humanoid/", "date": null, "publisher": "Poppy Project" } ], "last_verified": "2026-09-04" }, { "slug": "clone-protoclone", "name": "Protoclone", "aliases": [ "Protoclone V1" ], "company": "clone-robotics", "country": "PL", "category": "research", "status": "prototype", "status_note": "Musculoskeletal android prototype shown in video in February 2025; suspended from the ceiling, not walking.", "first_revealed": "2025-02-19", "announced": null, "generation": 1, "predecessor": null, "form": "bipedal", "height_cm": null, "weight_kg": null, "payload_kg": null, "dof": 200, "hand_dof": null, "hands": null, "battery_kwh": null, "runtime_hours": null, "walk_speed_ms": null, "actuation": "hydraulic artificial muscles (Myofiber) driven by a water pump (Aquajet)", "compute": null, "sensors": "about 500 sensors (pressure, position, cameras)", "ai_stack": null, "teleoperation": "unknown", "teleop_note": null, "autonomy_evidence": null, "price_usd": null, "price_note": "no public price", "availability": "not for sale", "units_built_est": null, "units_deployed_est": null, "units_note": null, "customers": [], "summary": "Protoclone is Clone Robotics' faceless musculoskeletal android with over 1,000 artificial muscle fibres, a synthetic skeleton and around 500 sensors. A video in February 2025 showed it twitching while suspended. It is the technology demonstrator for the planned Clone Alpha.", "highlights": [ "Over 1,000 Myofiber artificial muscles", "Water-based hydraulic system", "Viral video February 2025" ], "open_source": false, "open_source_note": null, "image": null, "video_url": null, "sources": [ { "title": "Clone Robotics", "url": "https://clonerobotics.com/", "date": null, "publisher": "Clone Robotics" } ], "last_verified": null }, { "slug": "pudu-d7", "name": "Pudu D7", "aliases": [ "D7" ], "company": "pudu", "country": "CN", "category": "service", "status": "limited-production", "status_note": "Wheeled semi-humanoid launched March 2025 for commercial service and light industrial tasks.", "first_revealed": "2025-03", "announced": null, "generation": 1, "predecessor": null, "form": "wheeled-base", "height_cm": 165, "weight_kg": 45, "payload_kg": null, "dof": 28, "hand_dof": null, "hands": "dexterous hands or grippers", "battery_kwh": null, "runtime_hours": 8, "walk_speed_ms": 2, "actuation": "electric", "compute": null, "sensors": null, "ai_stack": null, "teleoperation": "partial", "teleop_note": null, "autonomy_evidence": "Delivery and manipulation demos at trade shows.", "price_usd": null, "price_note": "No public price.", "availability": "enterprise only", "units_built_est": null, "units_deployed_est": null, "units_note": null, "customers": [], "summary": "D7 is a wheeled humanoid from Pudu with two 7-DOF arms and an 8-hour battery, aimed at hospitality and light logistics.", "highlights": [ "8 hours claimed runtime" ], "open_source": false, "open_source_note": null, "image": null, "video_url": null, "sources": [ { "title": "Pudu Robotics official site", "url": "https://www.pudurobotics.com/", "date": null, "publisher": "Pudu Robotics" } ], "last_verified": null }, { "slug": "pudu-d9", "name": "Pudu D9", "aliases": [ "D9" ], "company": "pudu", "country": "CN", "category": "service", "status": "prototype", "status_note": "Full-size bipedal humanoid revealed May 2025 by service-robot maker Pudu; not yet in volume sale.", "first_revealed": "2025-05", "announced": null, "generation": 1, "predecessor": null, "form": "bipedal", "height_cm": 170, "weight_kg": 65, "payload_kg": 20, "dof": 42, "hand_dof": null, "hands": "dexterous hands", "battery_kwh": null, "runtime_hours": null, "walk_speed_ms": 2, "actuation": "electric", "compute": null, "sensors": null, "ai_stack": null, "teleoperation": "partial", "teleop_note": null, "autonomy_evidence": "Walking and manipulation demo videos.", "price_usd": null, "price_note": "No public price.", "availability": "not for sale", "units_built_est": null, "units_deployed_est": null, "units_note": null, "customers": [], "summary": "D9 is Pudu Robotics' first bipedal humanoid, 170 cm tall with 42 degrees of freedom and a claimed 20 kg payload.", "highlights": [ "Pudu's first bipedal humanoid" ], "open_source": false, "open_source_note": null, "image": null, "video_url": null, "sources": [ { "title": "Pudu Robotics official site", "url": "https://www.pudurobotics.com/", "date": null, "publisher": "Pudu Robotics" } ], "last_verified": null }, { "slug": "qinglong", "name": "Qinglong (OpenLoong)", "aliases": [ "OpenLoong", "Qinglong 1.0" ], "company": "humanoid-robots-shanghai", "country": "CN", "category": "research", "status": "commercial", "status_note": "Open-source full-size humanoid released July 2024 by Shanghai's national humanoid innovation center; used by ecosystem partners.", "first_revealed": "2024-07-04", "announced": null, "generation": 1, "predecessor": null, "form": "bipedal", "height_cm": 185, "weight_kg": 80, "payload_kg": null, "dof": 43, "hand_dof": null, "hands": "dexterous hands", "battery_kwh": null, "runtime_hours": null, "walk_speed_ms": null, "actuation": "electric", "compute": null, "sensors": null, "ai_stack": "OpenLoong open-source software stack", "teleoperation": "partial", "teleop_note": null, "autonomy_evidence": "Walking, stair and manipulation demos at WAIC 2024 and 2025.", "price_usd": null, "price_note": null, "availability": "in stock", "units_built_est": null, "units_deployed_est": null, "units_note": null, "customers": [], "summary": "Qinglong is the 185 cm open-source humanoid of the Shanghai national humanoid robot innovation center, released as the OpenLoong platform at WAIC 2024.", "highlights": [ "Open-source full-size platform", "43 DOF" ], "open_source": true, "open_source_note": "Released under the OpenLoong open-source program.", "image": null, "video_url": null, "sources": [ { "title": "OpenLoong open source community", "url": "https://www.openloong.org.cn/", "date": null, "publisher": "Humanoid Robots (Shanghai) Co" } ], "last_verified": null }, { "slug": "rainbow-hubo2", "name": "Rainbow Robotics HUBO2", "aliases": [ "HUBO2", "HUBO 2 Plus", "HUBO II" ], "company": "rainbow-robotics", "country": "KR", "category": "research", "status": "discontinued", "status_note": "Commercial research version of HUBO sold by Rainbow Robotics from 2011 to universities worldwide.", "first_revealed": "2008", "announced": null, "generation": 2, "predecessor": "kaist-hubo", "form": "bipedal", "height_cm": 130, "weight_kg": 45, "payload_kg": null, "dof": 40, "hand_dof": null, "hands": "five-finger hands", "battery_kwh": null, "runtime_hours": null, "walk_speed_ms": 1, "actuation": "electric", "compute": null, "sensors": null, "ai_stack": null, "teleoperation": "partial", "teleop_note": null, "autonomy_evidence": "Running gait demonstrated; used by MIT, Drexel, UPenn and Georgia Tech in DARPA-funded research.", "price_usd": 400000, "price_note": "Reported at about USD 400,000 per unit for research customers.", "availability": "discontinued", "units_built_est": null, "units_deployed_est": null, "units_note": null, "customers": [ "Drexel University", "MIT", "University of Pennsylvania" ], "summary": "HUBO2 was the lighter, faster successor to the original HUBO and the first product of Rainbow Robotics, the KAIST spin-out founded in 2011. Several units went to US universities.", "highlights": [ "Exported to US universities" ], "open_source": false, "open_source_note": null, "image": null, "video_url": null, "sources": [ { "title": "Rainbow Robotics official site", "url": "https://www.rainbow-robotics.com/", "date": null, "publisher": "Rainbow Robotics" } ], "last_verified": null }, { "slug": "rainbow-rb-y1", "name": "Rainbow Robotics RB-Y1", "aliases": [ "RB-Y1" ], "company": "rainbow-robotics", "country": "KR", "category": "platform", "status": "commercial", "status_note": "Wheeled bimanual mobile manipulator sold to research labs since 2024; used by Samsung for AI training.", "first_revealed": "2024", "announced": null, "generation": 1, "predecessor": null, "form": "wheeled-base", "height_cm": null, "weight_kg": null, "payload_kg": null, "dof": 24, "hand_dof": null, "hands": "grippers", "battery_kwh": null, "runtime_hours": null, "walk_speed_ms": null, "actuation": "electric", "compute": null, "sensors": null, "ai_stack": "open SDK", "teleoperation": "yes", "teleop_note": "Teleoperation rig available for data collection.", "autonomy_evidence": "Manipulation research demos; used in Samsung Electronics AI research.", "price_usd": null, "price_note": "Public price unverified.", "availability": "in stock", "units_built_est": null, "units_deployed_est": null, "units_note": null, "customers": [ "Samsung Electronics" ], "summary": "RB-Y1 is a wheeled two-armed humanoid platform from Rainbow Robotics with 7-DOF arms and a 6-DOF torso, aimed at embodied AI research.", "highlights": [ "Research platform used by Samsung" ], "open_source": false, "open_source_note": "SDK is open source.", "image": null, "video_url": null, "sources": [ { "title": "Rainbow Robotics RB-Y1", "url": "https://www.rainbow-robotics.com/", "date": null, "publisher": "Rainbow Robotics" } ], "last_verified": null }, { "slug": "pollen-reachy-2", "name": "Reachy 2", "aliases": [], "company": "pollen-robotics", "country": "FR", "category": "research", "status": "commercial", "status_note": "Open-source wheeled humanoid sold to research labs; Pollen was acquired by Hugging Face in April 2025.", "first_revealed": "2024", "announced": null, "generation": 2, "predecessor": null, "form": "wheeled-base", "height_cm": null, "weight_kg": null, "payload_kg": null, "dof": null, "hand_dof": null, "hands": null, "battery_kwh": null, "runtime_hours": null, "walk_speed_ms": null, "actuation": "electric, Orbita spherical joints", "compute": null, "sensors": null, "ai_stack": null, "teleoperation": "yes", "teleop_note": "Designed for VR teleoperation and data collection for VLA training.", "autonomy_evidence": null, "price_usd": 70000, "price_note": "published starting price around USD 70,000 (verify)", "availability": "in stock", "units_built_est": null, "units_deployed_est": null, "units_note": null, "customers": [], "summary": "Reachy 2 is an open-source humanoid with two arms, an expressive head and a mobile base from Pollen Robotics of Bordeaux, designed for VR teleoperation and AI research. Hugging Face acquired Pollen in April 2025 and sells Reachy 2 alongside its LeRobot software.", "highlights": [ "Open-source hardware and software", "VR teleoperation for data collection", "Hugging Face acquisition April 2025" ], "open_source": true, "open_source_note": null, "image": { "url": "/img/robots/pollen-reachy-2.webp", "width": 1200, "height": 630, "credit": "Pollen Robotics press image", "license": null, "page": "https://pollen-robotics.com/reachy-2/" }, "video_url": null, "sources": [ { "title": "Reachy 2", "url": "https://www.pollen-robotics.com/reachy/", "date": null, "publisher": "Pollen Robotics" } ], "last_verified": "2026-09-04" }, { "aliases": [ "Reachy Mini Lite", "Reachy Mini Wireless" ], "status_note": null, "first_revealed": "2025-07-09", "announced": null, "generation": null, "predecessor": null, "payload_kg": null, "dof": null, "hand_dof": null, "hands": null, "battery_kwh": null, "runtime_hours": null, "walk_speed_ms": null, "actuation": null, "compute": "Raspberry Pi on the wireless version; host computer on the Lite version", "sensors": null, "ai_stack": null, "teleoperation": "unknown", "teleop_note": null, "autonomy_evidence": null, "price_note": "$299 for the tethered Lite version, $449 for the wireless version with battery and on-board compute.", "units_built_est": null, "units_deployed_est": null, "units_note": null, "customers": [], "highlights": [ "$299 tethered, $449 wireless", "Fully open source", "Runs the Hugging Face robotics stack" ], "open_source": true, "open_source_note": "Hardware and software are open source, built around the Hugging Face robotics stack.", "image": { "url": "/img/robots/reachy-mini.webp", "width": 1003, "height": 564, "credit": "Pollen Robotics press image", "license": null, "page": "https://huggingface.co/blog/reachy-mini" }, "video_url": null, "last_verified": "2026-09-04", "weight_kg": null, "height_cm": 28, "slug": "reachy-mini", "name": "Reachy Mini", "company": "pollen-robotics", "country": "FR", "category": "education", "status": "commercial", "form": "desktop", "price_usd": 299, "availability": "preorder", "summary": "Reachy Mini is a desktop-size expressive robot head and torso from Pollen Robotics, now part of Hugging Face. It is not a walking humanoid, it is the cheapest legitimate way to start building with the open embodied-AI stack that runs on its full-size sibling Reachy 2.", "sources": [ { "title": "Hugging Face's open-source desktop Pollen robot starts at $299", "url": "https://www.automate.org/robotics/industry-insights/hugging-faces-open-source-desktop-pollen-robot-starts-at-299", "date": null, "publisher": "Association for Advancing Automation" } ] }, { "slug": "pal-reem", "name": "REEM", "aliases": [ "REEM-H" ], "company": "pal-robotics", "country": "ES", "category": "service", "status": "discontinued", "status_note": "Wheeled service humanoid sold to airports, malls and events from 2011; no longer PAL's focus.", "first_revealed": "2010", "announced": null, "generation": 3, "predecessor": "pal-reem-b", "form": "wheeled-base", "height_cm": 170, "weight_kg": 100, "payload_kg": 30, "dof": null, "hand_dof": null, "hands": null, "battery_kwh": null, "runtime_hours": 8, "walk_speed_ms": null, "actuation": "electric", "compute": null, "sensors": null, "ai_stack": null, "teleoperation": "partial", "teleop_note": null, "autonomy_evidence": null, "price_usd": null, "price_note": "sold commercially; price not public", "availability": "discontinued", "units_built_est": null, "units_deployed_est": null, "units_note": null, "customers": [], "summary": "REEM was PAL Robotics' wheeled humanoid service robot, launched in 2010 for guiding and information tasks in public spaces. It was PAL's first commercial humanoid product.", "highlights": [ "Wheeled base, humanoid upper body", "Used in airports and shopping centres" ], "open_source": false, "open_source_note": null, "image": null, "video_url": null, "sources": [ { "title": "REEM", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/REEM", "date": null, "publisher": "Wikipedia" }, { "title": "PAL Robotics", "url": "https://pal-robotics.com/", "date": null, "publisher": "PAL Robotics" } ], "last_verified": null }, { "slug": "pal-reem-a", "name": "REEM-A", "aliases": [], "company": "pal-robotics", "country": "ES", "category": "historic", "status": "retired", "status_note": "First PAL humanoid, a chess-playing biped built in 2005; retired.", "first_revealed": "2005", "announced": null, "generation": 1, "predecessor": null, "form": "bipedal", "height_cm": null, "weight_kg": null, "payload_kg": null, "dof": null, "hand_dof": null, "hands": null, "battery_kwh": null, "runtime_hours": null, "walk_speed_ms": null, "actuation": "electric", "compute": null, "sensors": null, "ai_stack": null, "teleoperation": "no", "teleop_note": null, "autonomy_evidence": null, "price_usd": null, "price_note": "not sold", "availability": "not for sale", "units_built_est": null, "units_deployed_est": null, "units_note": null, "customers": [], "summary": "REEM-A was PAL Robotics' first humanoid, completed in 2005 in Barcelona as a bipedal robot that could walk and play chess. It established PAL as Europe's earliest commercial humanoid maker.", "highlights": [ "Chess-playing biped", "First humanoid built in Spain" ], "open_source": false, "open_source_note": null, "image": null, "video_url": null, "sources": [ { "title": "REEM", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/REEM", "date": null, "publisher": "Wikipedia" }, { "title": "PAL Robotics", "url": "https://pal-robotics.com/", "date": null, "publisher": "PAL Robotics" } ], "last_verified": null }, { "slug": "pal-reem-b", "name": "REEM-B", "aliases": [], "company": "pal-robotics", "country": "ES", "category": "historic", "status": "retired", "status_note": "Second-generation biped (2008) with object recognition and 12 kg carrying capacity; retired.", "first_revealed": "2008", "announced": null, "generation": 2, "predecessor": "pal-reem-a", "form": "bipedal", "height_cm": 147, "weight_kg": 60, "payload_kg": 12, "dof": null, "hand_dof": null, "hands": null, "battery_kwh": null, "runtime_hours": null, "walk_speed_ms": null, "actuation": "electric", "compute": null, "sensors": null, "ai_stack": null, "teleoperation": "no", "teleop_note": null, "autonomy_evidence": null, "price_usd": null, "price_note": "not sold", "availability": "not for sale", "units_built_est": null, "units_deployed_est": null, "units_note": null, "customers": [], "summary": "REEM-B, unveiled in 2008, was PAL Robotics' second biped, able to walk, climb stairs, recognise objects and carry 12 kg. It bridged the research REEM-A and the commercial wheeled REEM.", "highlights": [ "12 kg payload", "Autonomous navigation and object recognition" ], "open_source": false, "open_source_note": null, "image": null, "video_url": null, "sources": [ { "title": "REEM", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/REEM", "date": null, "publisher": "Wikipedia" }, { "title": "PAL Robotics", "url": "https://pal-robotics.com/", "date": null, "publisher": "PAL Robotics" } ], "last_verified": null }, { "slug": "pal-reem-c", "name": "REEM-C", "aliases": [], "company": "pal-robotics", "country": "ES", "category": "research", "status": "commercial", "status_note": "Full-size research biped sold to universities since 2013.", "first_revealed": "2013", "announced": null, "generation": 4, "predecessor": "pal-reem", "form": "bipedal", "height_cm": 165, "weight_kg": 80, "payload_kg": null, "dof": 44, "hand_dof": null, "hands": null, "battery_kwh": null, "runtime_hours": null, "walk_speed_ms": null, "actuation": "electric", "compute": null, "sensors": null, "ai_stack": null, "teleoperation": "partial", "teleop_note": null, "autonomy_evidence": null, "price_usd": null, "price_note": "sold to research institutions; price on request", "availability": "enterprise only", "units_built_est": null, "units_deployed_est": null, "units_note": null, "customers": [], "summary": "REEM-C, launched in 2013, is a full-size bipedal research platform from PAL Robotics with 44 degrees of freedom and ROS support, sold to universities and labs. It was Spain's first commercial full-body biped.", "highlights": [ "44 DoF, ROS-based", "Sold to research labs since 2013" ], "open_source": false, "open_source_note": null, "image": { "url": "/img/robots/pal-reem-c.webp", "width": 1076, "height": 1200, "credit": "PAL Robotics press image", "license": null, "page": "https://pal-robotics.com/robot/reem-c/" }, "video_url": null, "sources": [ { "title": "REEM-C", "url": "https://pal-robotics.com/robot/reem-c/", "date": null, "publisher": "PAL Robotics" }, { "title": "PAL Robotics", "url": "https://pal-robotics.com/", "date": null, "publisher": "PAL Robotics" } ], "last_verified": null }, { "slug": "reflex-robotics-reflex", "name": "Reflex", "aliases": [ "Reflex humanoid" ], "company": "reflex-robotics", "country": "US", "category": "general-purpose", "status": "prototype", "status_note": "Wheeled humanoid with human-in-the-loop teleoperation offered to early customers; small numbers built.", "first_revealed": "2024", "announced": null, "generation": null, "predecessor": null, "form": "wheeled-base", "height_cm": null, "weight_kg": null, "payload_kg": null, "dof": null, "hand_dof": null, "hands": null, "battery_kwh": null, "runtime_hours": null, "walk_speed_ms": null, "actuation": "electric", "compute": null, "sensors": null, "ai_stack": null, "teleoperation": "yes", "teleop_note": "Designed for VR teleoperation with growing autonomy.", "autonomy_evidence": null, "price_usd": null, "price_note": "no public price", "availability": "not for sale", "units_built_est": null, "units_deployed_est": null, "units_note": null, "customers": [], "summary": "Reflex Robotics, based in New York, builds a low-cost wheeled humanoid with a torso and two arms that is teleoperated by default and learns autonomy from that data. It was shown at Nvidia GTC in 2025.", "highlights": [ "Wheeled base, torso and two arms", "Teleoperation-first" ], "open_source": false, "open_source_note": null, "image": null, "video_url": null, "sources": [ { "title": "Reflex Robotics", "url": "https://reflexrobotics.com/", "date": null, "publisher": "Reflex Robotics" } ], "last_verified": null }, { "slug": "robbyant-r1", "name": "Robbyant R1", "aliases": [ "Ant Group R1", "Lingbo R1" ], "company": "ant-group", "country": "CN", "category": "service", "status": "prototype", "status_note": "Revealed September 2025 at Ant Group's Inclusion Conference; demonstrated cooking and guiding; pilots announced.", "first_revealed": "2025-09-11", "announced": null, "generation": 1, "predecessor": null, "form": "wheeled-base", "height_cm": null, "weight_kg": null, "payload_kg": null, "dof": 34, "hand_dof": null, "hands": "dexterous hands", "battery_kwh": null, "runtime_hours": null, "walk_speed_ms": null, "actuation": "electric", "compute": null, "sensors": null, "ai_stack": "Ant Group embodied model", "teleoperation": "unknown", "teleop_note": null, "autonomy_evidence": "Cooking demo on stage in Shanghai, September 2025.", "price_usd": null, "price_note": "No public price.", "availability": "not for sale", "units_built_est": null, "units_deployed_est": null, "units_note": null, "customers": [], "summary": "R1 is the first humanoid from Robbyant, the embodied-AI subsidiary of Ant Group, shown cooking at the Inclusion Conference in Shanghai in September 2025.", "highlights": [ "Ant Group's entry into humanoids" ], "open_source": false, "open_source_note": null, "image": null, "video_url": null, "sources": [ { "title": "Ant Group newsroom", "url": "https://www.antgroup.com/en/news-media", "date": null, "publisher": "Ant Group" } ], "last_verified": null }, { "slug": "oversonic-robee", "name": "RoBee", "aliases": [], "company": "oversonic-robotics", "country": "IT", "category": "industrial", "status": "commercial", "status_note": "Wheeled humanoid sold in small numbers to Italian manufacturers and hospitals since 2021.", "first_revealed": "2021", "announced": null, "generation": null, "predecessor": null, "form": "wheeled-base", "height_cm": null, "weight_kg": null, "payload_kg": null, "dof": null, "hand_dof": null, "hands": null, "battery_kwh": null, "runtime_hours": null, "walk_speed_ms": null, "actuation": "electric", "compute": null, "sensors": null, "ai_stack": null, "teleoperation": "partial", "teleop_note": null, "autonomy_evidence": null, "price_usd": null, "price_note": "no public price", "availability": "enterprise only", "units_built_est": null, "units_deployed_est": null, "units_note": null, "customers": [], "summary": "RoBee is a wheeled cognitive humanoid from Oversonic Robotics of Besana in Brianza, Italy, launched in 2021 for repetitive industrial tasks and later for hospital use. Oversonic says it is the first humanoid built and certified in Italy for industrial use.", "highlights": [ "Italian industrial humanoid since 2021", "Wheeled base with arms and head" ], "open_source": false, "open_source_note": null, "image": { "url": "/img/robots/oversonic-robee.webp", "width": 1200, "height": 800, "credit": "Oversonic Robotics press image", "license": null, "page": "https://www.oversonicrobotics.com/" }, "video_url": null, "sources": [ { "title": "Oversonic Robotics", "url": "https://www.oversonicrobotics.com/", "date": null, "publisher": "Oversonic Robotics" } ], "last_verified": null }, { "slug": "devanthro-robody", "name": "Robody", "aliases": [], "company": "devanthro", "country": "DE", "category": "service", "status": "pilot", "status_note": "Teleoperated care avatar piloted in nursing homes in Germany; small fleet.", "first_revealed": "2021", "announced": null, "generation": null, "predecessor": "devanthro-roboy", "form": "wheeled-base", "height_cm": null, "weight_kg": null, "payload_kg": null, "dof": null, "hand_dof": null, "hands": null, "battery_kwh": null, "runtime_hours": null, "walk_speed_ms": null, "actuation": "electric", "compute": null, "sensors": null, "ai_stack": null, "teleoperation": "yes", "teleop_note": "Operated remotely by caregivers via VR; no autonomy claimed.", "autonomy_evidence": null, "price_usd": null, "price_note": "no public price", "availability": "enterprise only", "units_built_est": null, "units_deployed_est": null, "units_note": null, "customers": [], "summary": "Robody is Devanthro's wheeled humanoid avatar that lets remote caregivers be present in nursing homes through VR teleoperation. Devanthro, based in Munich, spun the concept out of the Roboy research project.", "highlights": [ "Remote-care avatar", "VR teleoperated" ], "open_source": false, "open_source_note": null, "image": null, "video_url": null, "sources": [ { "title": "Devanthro", "url": "https://devanthro.com/", "date": null, "publisher": "Devanthro" } ], "last_verified": null }, { "slug": "nasa-robonaut-2", "name": "Robonaut 2", "aliases": [ "R2" ], "company": "nasa", "country": "US", "category": "research", "status": "retired", "status_note": "Operated on the ISS 2011 to 2018, returned to Earth for repairs in 2018; no longer in active use.", "first_revealed": "2010-02-04", "announced": null, "generation": 2, "predecessor": null, "form": "upper-body", "height_cm": null, "weight_kg": 150, "payload_kg": null, "dof": 42, "hand_dof": null, "hands": "five-finger, 12 DoF per hand", "battery_kwh": null, "runtime_hours": null, "walk_speed_ms": null, "actuation": "electric, series elastic", "compute": null, "sensors": null, "ai_stack": null, "teleoperation": "yes", "teleop_note": "Operated by ISS crew and ground controllers with supervised autonomy.", "autonomy_evidence": "Performed task board and switch operations on the ISS; first humanoid robot in space (launched 24 February 2011 on STS-133).", "price_usd": null, "price_note": "government program", "availability": "not for sale", "units_built_est": null, "units_deployed_est": null, "units_note": null, "customers": [ "NASA ISS program" ], "summary": "Robonaut 2 was developed by NASA and General Motors and became the first humanoid robot in space when it launched to the ISS in February 2011. A leg set arrived in 2014 but hardware faults limited its use and it returned to Earth in 2018. Its dexterous hands influenced later industrial humanoids.", "highlights": [ "First humanoid robot in space (2011)", "Joint NASA and GM development", "Returned to Earth 2018" ], "open_source": false, "open_source_note": null, "image": { "url": "/img/robots/nasa-robonaut-2.webp", "width": 1200, "height": 800, "credit": "NASA (Johnson Space Center) press image", "license": null, "page": "https://www.nasa.gov/robonaut2/" }, "video_url": null, "sources": [ { "title": "Robonaut", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robonaut", "date": null, "publisher": "Wikipedia" }, { "title": "Robonaut 2", "url": "https://www.nasa.gov/robonaut2/", "date": null, "publisher": "NASA" } ], "last_verified": null }, { "aliases": [ "Interstellar Scout K1 Pro", "K1" ], "status_note": null, "first_revealed": null, "announced": null, "generation": null, "predecessor": null, "payload_kg": null, "dof": 17, "hand_dof": null, "hands": null, "battery_kwh": null, "runtime_hours": null, "walk_speed_ms": null, "actuation": "17 high-precision servos", "compute": null, "sensors": null, "ai_stack": null, "teleoperation": "unknown", "teleop_note": null, "autonomy_evidence": null, "price_note": "A programmable walking toy with 17 servos. Cheapest thing in this catalogue that still walks on two legs.", "units_built_est": null, "units_deployed_est": null, "units_note": null, "customers": [], "highlights": [ "Around $299", "17 servos, app programming" ], "open_source": null, "open_source_note": null, "image": { "url": "/img/robots/robosen-k1-pro.webp", "width": 517, "height": 326, "credit": "Robosen Robotics press image", "license": null, "page": "https://us.robosen.com/collections/k1-series" }, "video_url": null, "last_verified": "2026-09-04", "weight_kg": null, "height_cm": null, "slug": "robosen-k1-pro", "name": "Robosen K1 Pro", "company": "robosen", "country": "CN", "category": "education", "status": "commercial", "form": "bipedal", "price_usd": 299, "availability": "in stock", "summary": "The K1 Pro is a programmable walking toy robot with 17 servos and app-based coding. It is the cheapest thing in this catalogue that walks on two legs unaided, and it is a toy, sold as one.", "sources": [ { "title": "Robosen K1 series programmable robots", "url": "https://us.robosen.com/collections/k1-series", "date": null, "publisher": "Robosen" } ] }, { "slug": "robotera-l7", "name": "Robotera L7", "aliases": [ "L7" ], "company": "robotera", "country": "CN", "category": "general-purpose", "status": "limited-production", "status_note": "Full-size second generation revealed 2025 with 55 DOF; in batch production.", "first_revealed": "2025-07", "announced": null, "generation": 2, "predecessor": "robotera-star1", "form": "bipedal", "height_cm": 171, "weight_kg": 65, "payload_kg": null, "dof": 55, "hand_dof": null, "hands": "dexterous hands", "battery_kwh": null, "runtime_hours": null, "walk_speed_ms": 4, "actuation": "electric (in-house high-torque-density actuators)", "compute": null, "sensors": null, "ai_stack": "ERA-42 embodied model", "teleoperation": "partial", "teleop_note": null, "autonomy_evidence": "Running at 4 m/s, dancing and precise manipulation in launch videos; competition appearances in 2025.", "price_usd": null, "price_note": "No public price.", "availability": "enterprise only", "units_built_est": null, "units_deployed_est": null, "units_note": null, "customers": [], "summary": "L7 is Robotera's 2025 flagship, a 171 cm humanoid with 55 degrees of freedom that runs at about 4 m/s.", "highlights": [ "55 DOF", "4 m/s running" ], "open_source": false, "open_source_note": null, "image": null, "video_url": null, "sources": [ { "title": "Robotera official site", "url": "https://www.robotera.com/", "date": null, "publisher": "Robotera" } ], "last_verified": null }, { "slug": "robotera-q5", "name": "Robotera Q5", "aliases": [ "Q5" ], "company": "robotera", "country": "CN", "category": "service", "status": "commercial", "status_note": "Smaller humanoid for exhibitions, reception and education launched 2025.", "first_revealed": "2025", "announced": null, "generation": null, "predecessor": null, "form": "wheeled-base", "height_cm": null, "weight_kg": null, "payload_kg": null, "dof": null, "hand_dof": null, "hands": null, "battery_kwh": null, "runtime_hours": null, "walk_speed_ms": null, "actuation": "electric", "compute": null, "sensors": null, "ai_stack": null, "teleoperation": "partial", "teleop_note": null, "autonomy_evidence": null, "price_usd": 63000, "price_note": "Wheeled service configuration with 44 degrees of freedom.", "availability": "in stock", "units_built_est": null, "units_deployed_est": null, "units_note": null, "customers": [], "summary": "Q5 is Robotera's compact wheeled service humanoid for commercial interaction and education settings.", "highlights": [], "open_source": false, "open_source_note": null, "image": { "url": "/img/robots/robotera-q5.webp", "width": 548, "height": 548, "credit": "Robotera press image", "license": null, "page": "https://rbtx.com/en-US/components/humanoid/robotera-q5-humanoid-robot-44dof" }, "video_url": null, "sources": [ { "title": "Robotera official site", "url": "https://www.robotera.com/", "date": null, "publisher": "Robotera" }, { "title": "RobotEra Q5 humanoid robot, 44 DOF", "url": "https://rbtx.com/en-US/components/humanoid/robotera-q5-humanoid-robot-44dof", "publisher": "RBTX" } ], "last_verified": "2026-09-04" }, { "slug": "robotera-star1", "name": "Robotera Star1", "aliases": [ "STAR1", "Xingdong Jiyuan Star1" ], "company": "robotera", "country": "CN", "category": "research", "status": "commercial", "status_note": "First full-size product, revealed October 2024 running in the Gobi desert; sold to research customers.", "first_revealed": "2024-10", "announced": null, "generation": 1, "predecessor": null, "form": "bipedal", "height_cm": 171, "weight_kg": 65, "payload_kg": null, "dof": null, "hand_dof": null, "hands": "optional dexterous hands", "battery_kwh": null, "runtime_hours": null, "walk_speed_ms": 3.6, "actuation": "electric", "compute": null, "sensors": null, "ai_stack": "RL locomotion", "teleoperation": "partial", "teleop_note": null, "autonomy_evidence": "Ran at up to 3.6 m/s across desert terrain in an October 2024 video.", "price_usd": null, "price_note": "No public price.", "availability": "in stock", "units_built_est": null, "units_deployed_est": null, "units_note": null, "customers": [], "summary": "Star1 is the first humanoid from Tsinghua spin-out Robotera, shown running at 3.6 m/s in the Gobi desert in 2024.", "highlights": [ "3.6 m/s running in the Gobi desert" ], "open_source": false, "open_source_note": null, "image": null, "video_url": null, "sources": [ { "title": "Robotera official site", "url": "https://www.robotera.com/", "date": null, "publisher": "Robotera" } ], "last_verified": null }, { "slug": "engineered-arts-robothespian", "name": "RoboThespian", "aliases": [ "RT4" ], "company": "engineered-arts", "country": "GB", "category": "entertainment", "status": "commercial", "status_note": "Sold and rented to science centres and events since 2005; current version RT4.", "first_revealed": "2005", "announced": null, "generation": null, "predecessor": null, "form": "bipedal", "height_cm": null, "weight_kg": null, "payload_kg": null, "dof": null, "hand_dof": null, "hands": null, "battery_kwh": null, "runtime_hours": null, "walk_speed_ms": null, "actuation": "electric and pneumatic", "compute": null, "sensors": null, "ai_stack": null, "teleoperation": "yes", "teleop_note": "Telepresence and scripted performance modes.", "autonomy_evidence": null, "price_usd": null, "price_note": "commercial pricing on request", "availability": "enterprise only", "units_built_est": null, "units_deployed_est": null, "units_note": null, "customers": [], "summary": "RoboThespian is Engineered Arts' life-size performing humanoid, produced since 2005 and installed in science centres and museums worldwide. It is a static-base robot for presentation, telepresence and entertainment rather than for walking or work.", "highlights": [ "In production since 2005", "Installed at museums and science centres worldwide" ], "open_source": false, "open_source_note": null, "image": null, "video_url": null, "sources": [ { "title": "RoboThespian", "url": "https://engineeredarts.com/robot/robothespian/", "date": null, "publisher": "Engineered Arts" }, { "title": "RoboThespian", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RoboThespian", "date": null, "publisher": "Wikipedia" } ], "last_verified": null }, { "aliases": [ "OP2 MINI", "DARWIN-MINI" ], "status_note": null, "first_revealed": null, "announced": null, "generation": null, "predecessor": null, "payload_kg": null, "dof": 16, "hand_dof": null, "hands": null, "battery_kwh": null, "runtime_hours": null, "walk_speed_ms": null, "actuation": "DYNAMIXEL XL-320 smart servos", "compute": null, "sensors": "gyroscope for balance", "ai_stack": null, "teleoperation": "unknown", "teleop_note": null, "autonomy_evidence": null, "price_note": "27 cm desktop humanoid with block coding, aimed at schools.", "units_built_est": null, "units_deployed_est": null, "units_note": null, "customers": [], "highlights": [ "$539 desktop humanoid", "DYNAMIXEL servos, block coding", "Same ecosystem as the full-size OP3" ], "open_source": null, "open_source_note": null, "image": { "url": "/img/robots/robotis-mini.webp", "width": 1200, "height": 990, "credit": "Robotis press image", "license": null, "page": "https://www.robotis.us/robotis-mini-intl/" }, "video_url": null, "last_verified": "2026-09-04", "weight_kg": null, "height_cm": 27, "slug": "robotis-mini", "name": "ROBOTIS MINI", "company": "robotis", "country": "KR", "category": "education", "status": "commercial", "form": "bipedal", "price_usd": 539, "availability": "in stock", "summary": "ROBOTIS MINI is a 27 cm desktop humanoid built on DYNAMIXEL servos, controlled with block coding or Python. A safe, durable first robot for schools, and the smallest member of the family that runs up to the full-size OP3.", "sources": [ { "title": "5 best affordable humanoid robots", "url": "https://keyirobot.com/blogs/buying-guide/5-affordable-humanoid-robot-models-you-can-buy-right-now", "date": "2026-07-01", "publisher": "Keyi Robot" } ] }, { "slug": "robotis-op3", "name": "ROBOTIS OP3", "aliases": [ "OP3", "DARwIn-OP3" ], "company": "robotis", "country": "KR", "category": "research", "status": "commercial", "status_note": "Sold by Robotis to universities and RoboCup teams; the OP2 (2014) sits between DARwIn-OP and OP3.", "first_revealed": "2017", "announced": null, "generation": 3, "predecessor": "darwin-op", "form": "bipedal", "height_cm": 51, "weight_kg": 3.5, "payload_kg": null, "dof": 20, "hand_dof": null, "hands": "none", "battery_kwh": null, "runtime_hours": null, "walk_speed_ms": null, "actuation": "electric, Dynamixel XM430 servos", "compute": "Intel NUC", "sensors": "camera, IMU, joint encoders", "ai_stack": "ROS based open source framework", "teleoperation": "no", "teleop_note": null, "autonomy_evidence": "Autonomous soccer in the RoboCup Humanoid League kid size class", "price_usd": null, "price_note": "list price in the low five figures in dollars; check the Robotis store", "availability": "in stock", "units_built_est": null, "units_deployed_est": null, "units_note": null, "customers": [], "summary": "ROBOTIS OP3 is the third generation of the open platform humanoid line that started with DARwIn-OP. It is a 51 cm, 3.5 kg kid size research robot with 20 degrees of freedom, an Intel NUC and a ROS based open source software stack. It is used in RoboCup and in teaching labs worldwide.", "highlights": [ "Open source ROS framework", "Kid size RoboCup platform", "Successor to DARwIn-OP and OP2" ], "open_source": true, "open_source_note": "Software and hardware documentation open", "image": null, "video_url": null, "sources": [ { "title": "ROBOTIS OP3 Introduction", "url": "https://emanual.robotis.com/docs/en/platform/op3/introduction/", "date": null, "publisher": "Robotis" } ], "last_verified": "2026-09-04" }, { "slug": "devanthro-roboy", "name": "Roboy", "aliases": [ "Roboy 2.0", "Roboy 3.0" ], "company": "devanthro", "country": "DE", "category": "research", "status": "research", "status_note": "Tendon-driven research humanoid from the University of Zurich (2013) and TUM; open-source; not a product.", "first_revealed": "2013-03", "announced": null, "generation": null, "predecessor": null, "form": "bipedal", "height_cm": null, "weight_kg": null, "payload_kg": null, "dof": null, "hand_dof": null, "hands": null, "battery_kwh": null, "runtime_hours": null, "walk_speed_ms": null, "actuation": "electric, tendon-driven (myorobotic)", "compute": null, "sensors": null, "ai_stack": null, "teleoperation": "partial", "teleop_note": null, "autonomy_evidence": null, "price_usd": null, "price_note": "research project", "availability": "not for sale", "units_built_est": null, "units_deployed_est": null, "units_note": null, "customers": [], "summary": "Roboy was created at the University of Zurich's AI Lab in 2013 as a tendon-driven humanoid mimicking human musculature, and later developed at TU Munich as Roboy 2.0 and 3.0. It is the research origin of Devanthro's Robody telepresence robots.", "highlights": [ "Tendon-driven design (2013)", "Roboy 2.0 at TUM (2016)", "Open-source research" ], "open_source": true, "open_source_note": null, "image": { "url": "/img/robots/devanthro-roboy.webp", "width": 799, "height": 1200, "credit": "Adrian Baer via Wikimedia Commons", "license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Roboy_270213_4.jpg" }, "video_url": null, "sources": [ { "title": "Roboy", "url": "https://roboy.org/", "date": null, "publisher": "Roboy project" }, { "title": "Roboy", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roboy", "date": null, "publisher": "Wikipedia" } ], "last_verified": null }, { "slug": "dlr-rollin-justin", "name": "Rollin' Justin", "aliases": [ "Justin" ], "company": "dlr", "country": "DE", "category": "research", "status": "research", "status_note": "Wheeled upper-body humanoid at DLR since 2008; used for manipulation and space telerobotics research.", "first_revealed": "2008", "announced": null, "generation": null, "predecessor": null, "form": "wheeled-base", "height_cm": null, "weight_kg": null, "payload_kg": null, "dof": null, "hand_dof": null, "hands": null, "battery_kwh": null, "runtime_hours": null, "walk_speed_ms": null, "actuation": "electric, torque-controlled lightweight arms", "compute": null, "sensors": null, "ai_stack": null, "teleoperation": "yes", "teleop_note": "Commanded from the ISS by astronauts in the METERON and SUPVIS Justin experiments (2017 to 2018).", "autonomy_evidence": null, "price_usd": null, "price_note": "research platform", "availability": "not for sale", "units_built_est": null, "units_deployed_est": null, "units_note": null, "customers": [], "summary": "Rollin' Justin is DLR's wheeled humanoid with two lightweight torque-controlled arms and dexterous hands, developed from 2008 for manipulation research and later commanded from the International Space Station in supervised-autonomy experiments.", "highlights": [ "Two DLR lightweight arms with four-finger hands", "Commanded from the ISS (2017, 2018)" ], "open_source": false, "open_source_note": null, "image": { "url": "/img/robots/dlr-rollin-justin.webp", "width": 800, "height": 1200, "credit": "German Aerospace Center (DLR), Institute of Robotics and Mechatronics press image", "license": null, "page": "https://www.dlr.de/en/rm/research/robotic-systems/humanoids/rollin-justin" }, "video_url": null, "sources": [ { "title": "Rollin' Justin", "url": "https://www.dlr.de/en/rm/research/robotic-systems/humanoids/rollin-justin", "date": null, "publisher": "DLR" } ], "last_verified": null }, { "slug": "aldebaran-romeo", "name": "Romeo", "aliases": [], "company": "aldebaran", "country": "FR", "category": "research", "status": "discontinued", "status_note": "Research humanoid for assistance to the elderly; project ended around 2017.", "first_revealed": "2014", "announced": null, "generation": null, "predecessor": null, "form": "bipedal", "height_cm": 140, "weight_kg": 40, "payload_kg": null, "dof": 37, "hand_dof": null, "hands": null, "battery_kwh": null, "runtime_hours": null, "walk_speed_ms": null, "actuation": "electric", "compute": null, "sensors": null, "ai_stack": null, "teleoperation": "no", "teleop_note": null, "autonomy_evidence": null, "price_usd": null, "price_note": "research project", "availability": "discontinued", "units_built_est": null, "units_deployed_est": null, "units_note": null, "customers": [], "summary": "Romeo was a 140 cm humanoid developed by Aldebaran with French research partners from 2009 as an assistant for elderly people. Prototypes were shown in 2014 but the project did not become a product.", "highlights": [ "French collaborative research project", "140 cm, 37 DoF" ], "open_source": false, "open_source_note": null, "image": null, "video_url": null, "sources": [ { "title": "Romeo (robot)", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romeo_(robot)", "date": null, "publisher": "Wikipedia" } ], "last_verified": null }, { "slug": "schaft-s-one", "name": "SCHAFT S-One", "aliases": [ "S-One", "SCHAFT" ], "company": "schaft", "country": "JP", "category": "historic", "status": "retired", "status_note": "Won the DARPA Robotics Challenge Trials in December 2013; SCHAFT was closed by Alphabet in 2018.", "first_revealed": "2013-12", "announced": null, "generation": 1, "predecessor": null, "form": "bipedal", "height_cm": 148, "weight_kg": 95, "payload_kg": null, "dof": null, "hand_dof": null, "hands": "gripper hands", "battery_kwh": null, "runtime_hours": null, "walk_speed_ms": null, "actuation": "electric, liquid-cooled high-current motors with capacitor power", "compute": null, "sensors": "LiDAR, cameras", "ai_stack": null, "teleoperation": "partial", "teleop_note": "Operated with human supervision as allowed by the DRC rules.", "autonomy_evidence": "Scored 27 of 32 points at the DRC Trials, ahead of all other teams.", "price_usd": null, "price_note": "Not for sale.", "availability": "not for sale", "units_built_est": null, "units_deployed_est": null, "units_note": null, "customers": [], "summary": "S-One was the humanoid of University of Tokyo spin-out SCHAFT, acquired by Google in 2013, which won the DARPA Robotics Challenge Trials. A later bipedal prototype was shown in 2016 before Alphabet shut the company in 2018.", "highlights": [ "Won DRC Trials 2013", "Acquired by Google, closed 2018" ], "open_source": false, "open_source_note": null, "image": null, "video_url": null, "sources": [ { "title": "SCHAFT, Wikipedia", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schaft_(company)", "date": null, "publisher": "Wikipedia" } ], "last_verified": null }, { "slug": "sony-qrio", "name": "Sony QRIO", "aliases": [ "SDR-4X", "SDR-3X" ], "company": "sony", "country": "JP", "category": "historic", "status": "discontinued", "status_note": "Small entertainment humanoid shown 2002 to 2005; Sony ended the program in January 2006 with AIBO.", "first_revealed": "2002-03-19", "announced": "2000-11", "generation": 2, "predecessor": null, "form": "bipedal", "height_cm": 58, "weight_kg": 7.3, "payload_kg": null, "dof": 38, "hand_dof": null, "hands": "five-finger hands", "battery_kwh": null, "runtime_hours": 1, "walk_speed_ms": null, "actuation": "electric intelligent servo actuators", "compute": "three 64-bit RISC processors", "sensors": "stereo cameras, seven microphones, touch sensors", "ai_stack": "face and voice recognition, real-time gait control", "teleoperation": "no", "teleop_note": null, "autonomy_evidence": "First bipedal robot to run (December 2003), dancing, throwing balls.", "price_usd": null, "price_note": "Never sold.", "availability": "discontinued", "units_built_est": null, "units_deployed_est": null, "units_note": null, "customers": [], "summary": "QRIO was Sony's 58 cm entertainment humanoid that became the first bipedal robot to run in 2003. Sony cancelled it in 2006 during restructuring.", "highlights": [ "First running biped, 2003", "Cancelled 2006" ], "open_source": false, "open_source_note": null, "image": { "url": "/img/robots/sony-qrio.webp", "width": 900, "height": 1200, "credit": "Dschen Reinecke via Wikimedia Commons", "license": "CC BY-SA 3.0", "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sony_Qrio_Robot.jpg" }, "video_url": null, "sources": [ { "title": "QRIO, Wikipedia", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QRIO", "date": null, "publisher": "Wikipedia" } ], "last_verified": null }, { "slug": "sophia", "name": "Sophia", "aliases": [ "Sophia the Robot" ], "company": "hanson-robotics", "country": "HK", "category": "entertainment", "status": "commercial", "status_note": "Still touring conferences and media appearances; Hanson has sold small numbers of Sophia units to institutions.", "first_revealed": "2016-03", "announced": null, "generation": null, "predecessor": null, "form": "upper-body", "height_cm": null, "weight_kg": null, "payload_kg": null, "dof": null, "hand_dof": null, "hands": "articulated hands", "battery_kwh": null, "runtime_hours": null, "walk_speed_ms": null, "actuation": "electric servos with Frubber skin face", "compute": null, "sensors": "cameras in eyes and chest", "ai_stack": "scripted dialogue plus chatbot; later LLM-based", "teleoperation": "partial", "teleop_note": "Dialogue can be scripted or operator assisted.", "autonomy_evidence": "Facial expression and conversation demos; walking legs added in 2018 were a research add-on.", "price_usd": null, "price_note": "No public price.", "availability": "enterprise only", "units_built_est": null, "units_deployed_est": null, "units_note": null, "customers": [], "summary": "Sophia is the expressive-face humanoid from Hong Kong's Hanson Robotics, activated in February 2016. It became the first robot granted citizenship (Saudi Arabia, October 2017) and is mainly a media and conference presence.", "highlights": [ "Saudi citizenship, 25 October 2017", "UNDP Innovation Champion, 2017" ], "open_source": false, "open_source_note": null, "image": { "url": "/img/robots/sophia.webp", "width": 1000, "height": 750, "credit": "ITU Pictures via Wikimedia Commons", "license": "CC BY 2.0", "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sophia_(robot)_2.jpg" }, "video_url": null, "sources": [ { "title": "Sophia (robot), Wikipedia", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sophia_(robot)", "date": null, "publisher": "Wikipedia" }, { "title": "Hanson Robotics Sophia page", "url": "https://www.hansonrobotics.com/sophia/", "date": null, "publisher": "Hanson Robotics" } ], "last_verified": null }, { "slug": "pal-talos", "name": "TALOS", "aliases": [ "Pyrene (LAAS-CNRS unit)" ], "company": "pal-robotics", "country": "ES", "category": "research", "status": "commercial", "status_note": "Torque-controlled research humanoid sold to labs (LAAS-CNRS, others) since 2017.", "first_revealed": "2017", "announced": null, "generation": 5, "predecessor": "pal-reem-c", "form": "bipedal", "height_cm": 175, "weight_kg": 95, "payload_kg": 6, "dof": 32, "hand_dof": null, "hands": null, "battery_kwh": null, "runtime_hours": null, "walk_speed_ms": null, "actuation": "electric, torque-controlled joints with torque sensors", "compute": null, "sensors": null, "ai_stack": null, "teleoperation": "partial", "teleop_note": null, "autonomy_evidence": null, "price_usd": null, "price_note": "sold to research labs; price on request", "availability": "enterprise only", "units_built_est": null, "units_deployed_est": null, "units_note": null, "customers": [ "LAAS-CNRS" ], "summary": "TALOS is PAL Robotics' torque-controlled research humanoid launched in 2017, 175 cm tall and 95 kg with 32 DoF and 6 kg payload per arm. The first unit, named Pyrene, went to LAAS-CNRS in Toulouse. It is used for whole-body control research in Europe.", "highlights": [ "Torque sensors in all joints", "6 kg per arm payload", "First unit to LAAS-CNRS (Pyrene)" ], "open_source": false, "open_source_note": null, "image": { "url": "/img/robots/pal-talos.webp", "width": 1076, "height": 1200, "credit": "PAL Robotics press image", "license": null, "page": "https://pal-robotics.com/robot/talos/" }, "video_url": null, "sources": [ { "title": "TALOS", "url": "https://pal-robotics.com/robot/talos/", "date": null, "publisher": "PAL Robotics" }, { "title": "PAL Robotics", "url": "https://pal-robotics.com/", "date": null, "publisher": "PAL Robotics" } ], "last_verified": null }, { "slug": "thormang3", "name": "THORMANG3", "aliases": [ "THOR-MANG", "THORMANG" ], "company": "robotis", "country": "KR", "category": "research", "status": "discontinued", "status_note": "Full size research humanoid sold to labs in the 2010s; no longer listed as a current Robotis product.", "first_revealed": "2015", "announced": null, "generation": 3, "predecessor": null, "form": "bipedal", "height_cm": 137, "weight_kg": 42, "payload_kg": null, "dof": 29, "hand_dof": null, "hands": "simple grippers", "battery_kwh": null, "runtime_hours": null, "walk_speed_ms": null, "actuation": "electric, Dynamixel Pro actuators", "compute": "two Intel NUC computers", "sensors": "lidar, cameras, force torque sensors, IMU", "ai_stack": "ROS based open source framework", "teleoperation": "yes", "teleop_note": "Used with operator interfaces at the DARPA Robotics Challenge", "autonomy_evidence": "Competed in the 2015 DRC Finals with Team ROBOTIS and was used by several university teams", "price_usd": null, "price_note": "sold to research institutions; price not public", "availability": "discontinued", "units_built_est": null, "units_deployed_est": null, "units_note": null, "customers": [], "summary": "THORMANG3 is a modular full size humanoid built by Robotis from its Dynamixel Pro actuators and released in 2015 for research teams, including at the DARPA Robotics Challenge finals. It runs an open source ROS framework and was sold to universities worldwide. It represents the DRC era of modular research humanoids.", "highlights": [ "Built from Dynamixel Pro actuators", "Open source ROS framework", "DARPA Robotics Challenge finals platform" ], "open_source": true, "open_source_note": "Software and documentation published by Robotis", "image": null, "video_url": null, "sources": [ { "title": "THORMANG3 Introduction", "url": "https://emanual.robotis.com/docs/en/platform/thormang3/introduction/", "date": null, "publisher": "Robotis" } ], "last_verified": "2026-09-04" }, { "slug": "tiangong", "name": "Tiangong 1.0", "aliases": [ "Tien Kung", "Tiangong Open Source" ], "company": "x-humanoid", "country": "CN", "category": "research", "status": "commercial", "status_note": "Open-source platform released April 2024; sold to research groups and used as the base for partner products.", "first_revealed": "2024-04-27", "announced": null, "generation": 1, "predecessor": null, "form": "bipedal", "height_cm": 163, "weight_kg": 43, "payload_kg": null, "dof": null, "hand_dof": null, "hands": null, "battery_kwh": null, "runtime_hours": null, "walk_speed_ms": 1.67, "actuation": "electric", "compute": null, "sensors": null, "ai_stack": null, "teleoperation": "partial", "teleop_note": null, "autonomy_evidence": "Ran at 6 km/h at launch; stair climbing demos.", "price_usd": null, "price_note": null, "availability": "in stock", "units_built_est": null, "units_deployed_est": null, "units_note": null, "customers": [], "summary": "Tiangong was presented as the first full-size electric humanoid able to run, and released as an open platform by the Beijing Humanoid Robot Innovation Center in April 2024.", "highlights": [ "Running at 6 km/h at launch", "Open platform for Beijing ecosystem" ], "open_source": true, "open_source_note": "Design and software released as Tiangong Open Source in 2024.", "image": null, "video_url": null, "sources": [ { "title": "X-Humanoid official site", "url": "https://www.x-humanoid.com/", "date": null, "publisher": "X-Humanoid" } ], "last_verified": null }, { "slug": "tiangong-2", "name": "Tiangong 2.0", "aliases": [ "Tien Kung 2.0" ], "company": "x-humanoid", "country": "CN", "category": "research", "status": "commercial", "status_note": "Second version released 2025 with improved actuators and the Huisi Kaiwu embodied AI platform.", "first_revealed": "2025-03", "announced": null, "generation": 2, "predecessor": "tiangong", "form": "bipedal", "height_cm": null, "weight_kg": null, "payload_kg": null, "dof": null, "hand_dof": null, "hands": null, "battery_kwh": null, "runtime_hours": null, "walk_speed_ms": null, "actuation": "electric", "compute": null, "sensors": null, "ai_stack": "Huisi Kaiwu embodied intelligence platform", "teleoperation": "partial", "teleop_note": null, "autonomy_evidence": null, "price_usd": null, "price_note": null, "availability": "in stock", "units_built_est": null, "units_deployed_est": null, "units_note": null, "customers": [], "summary": "Tiangong 2.0 is the 2025 update of the Beijing open humanoid platform, released together with the Huisi Kaiwu software stack.", "highlights": [], "open_source": true, "open_source_note": null, "image": null, "video_url": null, "sources": [ { "title": "X-Humanoid official site", "url": "https://www.x-humanoid.com/", "date": null, "publisher": "X-Humanoid" } ], "last_verified": null }, { "slug": "tiangong-ultra", "name": "Tiangong Ultra", "aliases": [ "Tien Kung Ultra" ], "company": "x-humanoid", "country": "CN", "category": "research", "status": "prototype", "status_note": "Competition and demonstration version; won the first humanoid half marathon in Beijing in April 2025 and track events at the World Humanoid Robot Games in August 2025.", "first_revealed": "2025-04", "announced": null, "generation": null, "predecessor": "tiangong-2", "form": "bipedal", "height_cm": 180, "weight_kg": 52, "payload_kg": null, "dof": null, "hand_dof": null, "hands": null, "battery_kwh": null, "runtime_hours": null, "walk_speed_ms": null, "actuation": "electric", "compute": null, "sensors": null, "ai_stack": null, "teleoperation": "partial", "teleop_note": "A human pacer ran alongside during the half marathon; batteries were swapped during the race.", "autonomy_evidence": "Completed the 21.1 km Beijing E-Town humanoid half marathon in 2 h 40 min 42 s on 19 April 2025.", "price_usd": null, "price_note": "Not for sale.", "availability": "not for sale", "units_built_est": null, "units_deployed_est": null, "units_note": null, "customers": [], "summary": "Tiangong Ultra is the athletic version of Tiangong that won the world's first humanoid half marathon in Beijing in April 2025, then took track medals at the August 2025 World Humanoid Robot Games.", "highlights": [ "Half marathon winner, 2:40:42, April 2025", "Track wins at 2025 World Humanoid Robot Games" ], "open_source": false, "open_source_note": null, "image": null, "video_url": null, "sources": [ { "title": "X-Humanoid official site", "url": "https://www.x-humanoid.com/", "date": null, "publisher": "X-Humanoid" } ], "last_verified": null }, { "slug": "tien-kung-xingzhe", "name": "Tien Kung Xingzhe", "aliases": [ "Tiangong Xingzhe", "Tiangong Walker", "Tien Kung Walker" ], "company": "ubtech", "country": "CN", "category": "research", "status": "commercial", "status_note": "Research and education humanoid co-developed by UBTech and X-Humanoid, on sale since 2025.", "first_revealed": "2025-03", "announced": null, "generation": null, "predecessor": null, "form": "bipedal", "height_cm": 170, "weight_kg": null, "payload_kg": null, "dof": null, "hand_dof": null, "hands": null, "battery_kwh": null, "runtime_hours": null, "walk_speed_ms": null, "actuation": "electric", "compute": null, "sensors": null, "ai_stack": null, "teleoperation": "unknown", "teleop_note": null, "autonomy_evidence": "Stair, slope and uneven terrain walking demos.", "price_usd": null, "price_note": "Reported at CNY 299,000 (about USD 41,000) at launch (verify).", "availability": "in stock", "units_built_est": null, "units_deployed_est": null, "units_note": null, "customers": [], "summary": "Tien Kung Xingzhe combines the lower body of X-Humanoid's Tiangong with UBTech's upper body for the scientific research market. It launched in March 2025 at a list price of about CNY 299,000.", "highlights": [ "Joint product of UBTech and X-Humanoid" ], "open_source": false, "open_source_note": null, "image": null, "video_url": null, "sources": [ { "title": "UBTech news", "url": "https://www.ubtrobot.com/", "date": null, "publisher": "UBTech" } ], "last_verified": null }, { "slug": "tmsuk-kiyomori", "name": "Tmsuk Kiyomori", "aliases": [ "Kiyomori" ], "company": "tmsuk", "country": "JP", "category": "historic", "status": "retired", "status_note": "Samurai-armoured walking humanoid built with Waseda University and shown in 2005.", "first_revealed": "2005-12", "announced": null, "generation": null, "predecessor": null, "form": "bipedal", "height_cm": 160, "weight_kg": 111, "payload_kg": null, "dof": null, "hand_dof": null, "hands": null, "battery_kwh": null, "runtime_hours": null, "walk_speed_ms": null, "actuation": "electric, parallel-link legs (Waseda WL-16 design)", "compute": null, "sensors": null, "ai_stack": null, "teleoperation": "yes", "teleop_note": "Remotely controlled.", "autonomy_evidence": "Walked at a Shinto shrine visit in Kyoto in 2006.", "price_usd": null, "price_note": "Not for sale.", "availability": "not for sale", "units_built_est": 1, "units_deployed_est": null, "units_note": null, "customers": [], "summary": "Kiyomori was a humanoid in samurai armour built by Tmsuk and Waseda's Takanishi lab on the WL-16 parallel-link walking legs, shown in 2005 and 2006.", "highlights": [ "Samurai-armoured humanoid from Tmsuk and Waseda" ], "open_source": false, "open_source_note": null, "image": null, "video_url": null, "sources": [ { "title": "Tmsuk official site", "url": "https://www.tmsuk.co.jp/", "date": null, "publisher": "Tmsuk" } ], "last_verified": null }, { "slug": "toddlerbot", "name": "ToddlerBot", "aliases": [], "company": "stanford-university", "country": "US", "category": "research", "status": "research", "status_note": "Open source design from Stanford that labs can build for about 6,000 dollars; not sold as a product.", "first_revealed": "2025-02", "announced": null, "generation": 1, "predecessor": null, "form": "bipedal", "height_cm": 56, "weight_kg": 3.4, "payload_kg": null, "dof": 30, "hand_dof": null, "hands": "simple 3D printed grippers", "battery_kwh": null, "runtime_hours": null, "walk_speed_ms": null, "actuation": "electric, Dynamixel servos", "compute": "onboard single board computer", "sensors": "cameras, IMU, joint encoders", "ai_stack": "reinforcement learning locomotion and imitation learning manipulation, with teleoperation via a leader arm", "teleoperation": "yes", "teleop_note": "A second identical robot is used as a leader for teleoperation data", "autonomy_evidence": "Paper shows learned walking, push ups and manipulation tasks trained from teleoperated demonstrations", "price_usd": 6000, "price_note": "bill of materials about 6,000 dollars", "availability": "not for sale", "units_built_est": null, "units_deployed_est": null, "units_note": null, "customers": [], "summary": "ToddlerBot is a 56 cm, 3.4 kg open source humanoid from Stanford University designed as a low cost platform for machine learning research on locomotion and manipulation. It has 30 degrees of freedom, is built from 3D printed parts and Dynamixel servos, and includes a full simulation and teleoperation pipeline. Everything needed to build it is public.", "highlights": [ "30 degrees of freedom in a 3.4 kg body", "Full open source hardware and software", "Built to be reproducible by other labs" ], "open_source": true, "open_source_note": "Hardware, firmware and learning code on GitHub", "image": null, "video_url": null, "sources": [ { "title": "ToddlerBot", "url": "https://toddlerbot.github.io/", "date": null, "publisher": "Stanford University" }, { "title": "ToddlerBot: Open-Source ML-Compatible Humanoid Platform", "url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2502.00893", "date": "2025-02", "publisher": "arXiv" } ], "last_verified": "2026-09-04" }, { "slug": "dlr-toro", "name": "TORO", "aliases": [ "Torque-controlled humanoid Robot" ], "company": "dlr", "country": "DE", "category": "research", "status": "research", "status_note": "DLR research humanoid since 2013; used for torque control and walking research.", "first_revealed": "2013", "announced": null, "generation": null, "predecessor": null, "form": "bipedal", "height_cm": 174, "weight_kg": 76, "payload_kg": null, "dof": 27, "hand_dof": null, "hands": null, "battery_kwh": null, "runtime_hours": null, "walk_speed_ms": null, "actuation": "electric, torque-controlled joints based on DLR lightweight robot drives", "compute": null, "sensors": null, "ai_stack": null, "teleoperation": "no", "teleop_note": null, "autonomy_evidence": null, "price_usd": null, "price_note": "research platform", "availability": "not for sale", "units_built_est": null, "units_deployed_est": null, "units_note": null, "customers": [], "summary": "TORO is the torque-controlled humanoid of the German Aerospace Center's Institute of Robotics and Mechatronics, built in 2013 from its lightweight robot arm technology. It is used for research on whole-body torque control and multi-contact walking.", "highlights": [ "Torque control in all joints", "174 cm, 76 kg, 27 DoF" ], "open_source": false, "open_source_note": null, "image": { "url": "/img/robots/dlr-toro.webp", "width": 1200, "height": 800, "credit": "German Aerospace Center (DLR), Institute of Robotics and Mechatronics press image", "license": null, "page": "https://www.dlr.de/en/rm/research/robotic-systems/humanoids/toro" }, "video_url": null, "sources": [ { "title": "TORO", "url": "https://www.dlr.de/en/rm/research/robotic-systems/humanoids/toro", "date": null, "publisher": "DLR" } ], "last_verified": null }, { "slug": "toyota-cue", "name": "Toyota CUE", "aliases": [ "CUE6", "CUE3" ], "company": "toyota", "country": "JP", "category": "entertainment", "status": "retired", "status_note": "Basketball-shooting humanoid built by Toyota engineers 2018 to 2024; CUE6 set a distance record in 2024 before the project wound down.", "first_revealed": "2018", "announced": null, "generation": 6, "predecessor": null, "form": "bipedal", "height_cm": 210, "weight_kg": null, "payload_kg": null, "dof": null, "hand_dof": null, "hands": "shooting hands", "battery_kwh": null, "runtime_hours": null, "walk_speed_ms": null, "actuation": "electric", "compute": null, "sensors": "vision to locate hoop", "ai_stack": "learned shooting model", "teleoperation": "no", "teleop_note": null, "autonomy_evidence": "Guinness record for most consecutive free throws by a humanoid (2,020 by CUE3 in 2019); 24.55 m shot by CUE6 in 2024.", "price_usd": null, "price_note": "Not for sale.", "availability": "not for sale", "units_built_est": null, "units_deployed_est": null, "units_note": null, "customers": [], "summary": "CUE is a series of basketball-shooting humanoids built by a Toyota volunteer engineering team, with Guinness records for free throws and the longest robot shot.", "highlights": [ "Guinness record for consecutive free throws" ], "open_source": false, "open_source_note": null, "image": null, "video_url": null, "sources": [ { "title": "Toyota CUE, Toyota Times", "url": "https://toyotatimes.jp/en/", "date": null, "publisher": "Toyota" } ], "last_verified": null }, { "slug": "toyota-punyo", "name": "Toyota Research Institute Punyo", "aliases": [ "Punyo" ], "company": "toyota", "country": "JP", "category": "research", "status": "research", "status_note": "Soft whole-body manipulation research platform at Toyota Research Institute (US), shown December 2023.", "first_revealed": "2023-12", "announced": null, "generation": null, "predecessor": null, "form": "upper-body", "height_cm": null, "weight_kg": null, "payload_kg": null, "dof": null, "hand_dof": null, "hands": "soft bubble grippers", "battery_kwh": null, "runtime_hours": null, "walk_speed_ms": null, "actuation": "electric arms with air-filled soft covers", "compute": null, "sensors": "tactile sensing in soft bubbles on arms and chest", "ai_stack": "diffusion policy and RL for whole-body contact", "teleoperation": "partial", "teleop_note": "Teleoperation used to gather demonstrations.", "autonomy_evidence": "Lifting large objects with arms and chest in TRI videos.", "price_usd": null, "price_note": "Research platform.", "availability": "not for sale", "units_built_est": null, "units_deployed_est": null, "units_note": null, "customers": [], "summary": "Punyo is a TRI research platform that covers a humanoid upper body in soft, sensor-filled bubbles to study whole-body manipulation using contact with the arms and chest.", "highlights": [ "Soft whole-body contact manipulation" ], "open_source": false, "open_source_note": null, "image": null, "video_url": null, "sources": [ { "title": "TRI Punyo project page", "url": "https://punyo.tech/", "date": null, "publisher": "Toyota Research Institute" } ], "last_verified": null }, { "slug": "toyota-t-hr3", "name": "Toyota T-HR3", "aliases": [ "T-HR3" ], "company": "toyota", "country": "JP", "category": "research", "status": "research", "status_note": "Teleoperated humanoid shown 2017; still used in Toyota research including remote operation over 5G.", "first_revealed": "2017-11-21", "announced": null, "generation": 3, "predecessor": null, "form": "bipedal", "height_cm": 154, "weight_kg": 75, "payload_kg": null, "dof": 32, "hand_dof": 10, "hands": "ten-finger hands", "battery_kwh": null, "runtime_hours": null, "walk_speed_ms": null, "actuation": "electric with torque servo modules", "compute": null, "sensors": "torque sensors in each joint, cameras", "ai_stack": "Master Maneuvering System (whole-body teleoperation)", "teleoperation": "yes", "teleop_note": "Operator wears a master exoskeleton and head-mounted display; demonstrated over 5G with NTT Docomo in 2018 and at the Tokyo 2020 Olympics.", "autonomy_evidence": "Primarily teleoperated; balance control is autonomous.", "price_usd": null, "price_note": "Research robot.", "availability": "not for sale", "units_built_est": null, "units_deployed_est": null, "units_note": null, "customers": [], "summary": "T-HR3 is Toyota's third-generation humanoid, a teleoperated avatar with torque-controlled joints that mirrors an operator's movements. It was demonstrated over 5G and at the Tokyo Olympics.", "highlights": [ "Whole-body teleoperation via master system", "5G remote operation demo with NTT Docomo, 2018" ], "open_source": false, "open_source_note": null, "image": { "url": "/img/robots/toyota-t-hr3.webp", "width": 1200, "height": 630, "credit": "Toyota (incl. Toyota Research Institute) press image", "license": null, "page": "https://global.toyota/en/detail/19666346" }, "video_url": null, "sources": [ { "title": "Toyota T-HR3 press release", "url": "https://global.toyota/en/detail/19666346", "date": "2017-11-21", "publisher": "Toyota" } ], "last_verified": null }, { "slug": "ubtech-alpha", "name": "UBTech Alpha series", "aliases": [ "Alpha 1S", "Alpha 2", "Alpha Mini", "Alpha 1 Pro" ], "company": "ubtech", "country": "CN", "category": "education", "status": "commercial", "status_note": "Small consumer and education humanoids sold since 2014; still available in some markets.", "first_revealed": "2014", "announced": null, "generation": null, "predecessor": null, "form": "bipedal", "height_cm": 40, "weight_kg": 1.6, "payload_kg": null, "dof": 16, "hand_dof": null, "hands": null, "battery_kwh": null, "runtime_hours": null, "walk_speed_ms": null, "actuation": "electric servos", "compute": null, "sensors": null, "ai_stack": null, "teleoperation": "yes", "teleop_note": "App controlled.", "autonomy_evidence": "Pre-programmed dance routines; 540 Alpha 1S robots danced on the 2016 CCTV Spring Festival Gala.", "price_usd": 499, "price_note": "Alpha 1S launched at about USD 499.", "availability": "in stock", "units_built_est": null, "units_deployed_est": null, "units_note": null, "customers": [], "summary": "The Alpha series of 40 cm hobby humanoids built UBTech's early business and funded its later full-size Walker program. Alpha 1S robots performed on the 2016 Spring Festival Gala.", "highlights": [ "540 units danced on CCTV Spring Festival Gala 2016" ], "open_source": false, "open_source_note": null, "image": null, "video_url": null, "sources": [ { "title": "UBTech company site", "url": "https://www.ubtrobot.com/", "date": null, "publisher": "UBTech" } ], "last_verified": "2026-09-04" }, { "slug": "ubtech-walker", "name": "UBTech Walker (2018 and 2019)", "aliases": [ "Walker", "Walker 2019" ], "company": "ubtech", "country": "CN", "category": "historic", "status": "retired", "status_note": "Early demo generations shown at CES 2018 and CES 2019; replaced by Walker X in 2021.", "first_revealed": "2018-01", "announced": null, "generation": 1, "predecessor": null, "form": "bipedal", "height_cm": 145, "weight_kg": 77, "payload_kg": null, "dof": 36, "hand_dof": null, "hands": "five-finger hands on 2019 version", "battery_kwh": null, "runtime_hours": null, "walk_speed_ms": null, "actuation": "electric servo joints", "compute": null, "sensors": null, "ai_stack": null, "teleoperation": "unknown", "teleop_note": null, "autonomy_evidence": "Stair climbing, door opening and object handover demos at CES 2019.", "price_usd": null, "price_note": "Never sold.", "availability": "not for sale", "units_built_est": null, "units_deployed_est": null, "units_note": null, "customers": [], "summary": "Walker was UBTech's first full-size humanoid. The CES 2018 version had legs and a torso screen but no arms; the CES 2019 version added arms and hands with 36 degrees of freedom.", "highlights": [ "Best of CES 2019 nominations", "Origin of the Walker S industrial line" ], "open_source": false, "open_source_note": null, "image": null, "video_url": null, "sources": [ { "title": "UBTech Walker product history", "url": "https://www.ubtrobot.com/", "date": null, "publisher": "UBTech" } ], "last_verified": null }, { "slug": "ubtech-walker-c", "name": "UBTech Walker C", "aliases": [ "Walker C" ], "company": "ubtech", "country": "CN", "category": "service", "status": "limited-production", "status_note": "Commercial and reception humanoid announced 2025; sold alongside Walker S for non-factory settings.", "first_revealed": "2025", "announced": null, "generation": null, "predecessor": "ubtech-walker-x", "form": "bipedal", "height_cm": null, "weight_kg": null, "payload_kg": null, "dof": null, "hand_dof": null, "hands": null, "battery_kwh": null, "runtime_hours": null, "walk_speed_ms": null, "actuation": "electric", "compute": null, "sensors": null, "ai_stack": null, "teleoperation": "unknown", "teleop_note": null, "autonomy_evidence": null, "price_usd": null, "price_note": "No public price.", "availability": "enterprise only", "units_built_est": null, "units_deployed_est": null, "units_note": null, "customers": [], "summary": "Walker C is a UBTech humanoid aimed at commercial service settings such as reception and exhibitions rather than factories.", "highlights": [], "open_source": false, "open_source_note": null, "image": null, "video_url": null, "sources": [ { "title": "UBTech products", "url": "https://www.ubtrobot.com/", "date": null, "publisher": "UBTech" } ], "last_verified": null }, { "slug": "ubtech-walker-s", "name": "UBTech Walker S", "aliases": [ "Walker S", "Walker S Lite" ], "company": "ubtech", "country": "CN", "category": "industrial", "status": "pilot", "status_note": "Piloted at NIO's Hefei plant from February 2024 and (as Walker S Lite) at Zeekr's Ningbo plant in 2024; superseded by Walker S1.", "first_revealed": "2023-12-29", "announced": null, "generation": 3, "predecessor": "ubtech-walker-x", "form": "bipedal", "height_cm": null, "weight_kg": null, "payload_kg": null, "dof": 41, "hand_dof": null, "hands": "five-finger hands", "battery_kwh": null, "runtime_hours": null, "walk_speed_ms": null, "actuation": "electric", "compute": null, "sensors": null, "ai_stack": null, "teleoperation": "unknown", "teleop_note": null, "autonomy_evidence": "Seat belt inspection and door lock checks on NIO's assembly line (video, February 2024); box carrying at Zeekr (June 2024).", "price_usd": null, "price_note": "No public price.", "availability": "enterprise only", "units_built_est": null, "units_deployed_est": null, "units_note": null, "customers": [ "NIO", "Zeekr" ], "summary": "Walker S was the first industrial version of the Walker line, unveiled on UBTech's Hong Kong listing day in December 2023. It was the first Chinese humanoid to enter a car factory training program (NIO, February 2024).", "highlights": [ "First humanoid trained in a NIO plant", "Walker S Lite variant piloted at Zeekr" ], "open_source": false, "open_source_note": null, "image": null, "video_url": null, "sources": [ { "title": "UBTech Walker S page", "url": "https://www.ubtrobot.com/", "date": null, "publisher": "UBTech" } ], "last_verified": null }, { "slug": "ubtech-walker-s1", "name": "UBTech Walker S1", "aliases": [ "Walker S1" ], "company": "ubtech", "country": "CN", "category": "industrial", "status": "limited-production", "status_note": "Delivered to BYD, Zeekr, Foxconn, Audi FAW, Dongfeng Liuzhou and others during 2024 and 2025; being replaced by Walker S2 for new orders.", "first_revealed": "2024-10", "announced": null, "generation": 4, "predecessor": "ubtech-walker-s", "form": "bipedal", "height_cm": 172, "weight_kg": 76, "payload_kg": 15, "dof": 41, "hand_dof": null, "hands": "five-finger hands with tactile sensing", "battery_kwh": null, "runtime_hours": null, "walk_speed_ms": null, "actuation": "electric", "compute": null, "sensors": "depth cameras, LiDAR, tactile hands", "ai_stack": "BrainNet multi-robot collaboration framework with a cloud reasoning model", "teleoperation": "partial", "teleop_note": null, "autonomy_evidence": "Box moving and sorting with AMRs at BYD Shenzhen and Zeekr Ningbo shown in UBTech videos; multi-robot collaboration demo in March 2025.", "price_usd": null, "price_note": "No public price; enterprise contracts only.", "availability": "enterprise only", "units_built_est": null, "units_deployed_est": null, "units_note": "UBTech said orders for the Walker S series exceeded CNY 800 million in 2025 (verify).", "customers": [ "BYD", "Zeekr", "Foxconn", "Audi FAW", "Dongfeng Liuzhou Motor" ], "summary": "Walker S1 is the 2024 industrial humanoid that UBTech placed in several Chinese car and electronics plants. It is 172 cm tall, carries up to 15 kg and works with AMRs for material handling.", "highlights": [ "Deployed at BYD, Zeekr and Foxconn sites", "15 kg payload" ], "open_source": false, "open_source_note": null, "image": null, "video_url": null, "sources": [ { "title": "UBTech Walker S1 page", "url": "https://www.ubtrobot.com/", "date": null, "publisher": "UBTech" } ], "last_verified": null }, { "slug": "ubtech-walker-s2", "name": "UBTech Walker S2", "aliases": [ "Walker S2" ], "company": "ubtech", "country": "CN", "category": "industrial", "status": "commercial", "status_note": "Mass production announced for Q4 2025 with deliveries to BYD, Foxconn and other buyers; order book reported above CNY 1 billion (verify).", "first_revealed": "2025-07-17", "announced": null, "generation": 5, "predecessor": "ubtech-walker-s1", "form": "bipedal", "height_cm": 176, "weight_kg": 76, "payload_kg": 15, "dof": 52, "hand_dof": null, "hands": "five-finger hands", "battery_kwh": null, "runtime_hours": null, "walk_speed_ms": null, "actuation": "electric", "compute": null, "sensors": null, "ai_stack": "Co-Agent and BrainNet frameworks", "teleoperation": "partial", "teleop_note": null, "autonomy_evidence": "Autonomous battery swap (about 3 minutes) demonstrated in July 2025; factory material handling videos.", "price_usd": 68000, "price_note": "No public unit price; UBTech reports contract values only.", "availability": "enterprise only", "units_built_est": null, "units_deployed_est": null, "units_note": "UBTech targeted about 500 Walker S deliveries in 2025 and several thousand in 2026 (verify).", "customers": [ "BYD", "Foxconn", "Zeekr" ], "summary": "Walker S2 is UBTech's 2025 industrial humanoid and the first to swap its own battery, allowing round-the-clock operation. It has 52 degrees of freedom and is the product behind UBTech's large 2025 order announcements.", "highlights": [ "Autonomous 3-minute battery swap", "52 DOF" ], "open_source": false, "open_source_note": null, "image": null, "video_url": null, "sources": [ { "title": "UBTech Walker S2 page", "url": "https://www.ubtrobot.com/", "date": null, "publisher": "UBTech" } ], "last_verified": "2026-09-04" }, { "slug": "ubtech-walker-x", "name": "UBTech Walker X", "aliases": [ "Walker X" ], "company": "ubtech", "country": "CN", "category": "service", "status": "discontinued", "status_note": "Fourth-generation service humanoid shown 2021, used at the 2022 Dubai Expo China pavilion; replaced by Walker S.", "first_revealed": "2021-07", "announced": null, "generation": 2, "predecessor": "ubtech-walker", "form": "bipedal", "height_cm": 130, "weight_kg": 63, "payload_kg": null, "dof": 41, "hand_dof": null, "hands": "five-finger hands", "battery_kwh": null, "runtime_hours": null, "walk_speed_ms": 0.83, "actuation": "electric servo joints", "compute": null, "sensors": "stereo vision, 41 servos with torque sensing", "ai_stack": null, "teleoperation": "unknown", "teleop_note": null, "autonomy_evidence": "Stair climbing and massage demos; guide duties at Expo 2020 Dubai China pavilion (2021 to 2022).", "price_usd": null, "price_note": "No public price.", "availability": "discontinued", "units_built_est": null, "units_deployed_est": null, "units_note": null, "customers": [], "summary": "Walker X was UBTech's 2021 service humanoid with 41 degrees of freedom and a 3 km/h walking speed. It served as a guide robot at the China pavilion of Expo 2020 Dubai.", "highlights": [ "41 DOF", "Expo 2020 Dubai guide robot" ], "open_source": false, "open_source_note": null, "image": null, "video_url": null, "sources": [ { "title": "UBTech Walker X page", "url": "https://www.ubtrobot.com/", "date": null, "publisher": "UBTech" } ], "last_verified": null }, { "slug": "unitree-g1", "name": "Unitree G1", "aliases": [ "G1", "G1 EDU", "G1 Ultimate" ], "company": "unitree", "country": "CN", "category": "research", "status": "commercial", "status_note": "In volume production and shipping worldwide since mid 2024; the most widely used humanoid research platform by unit count.", "first_revealed": "2024-05-13", "announced": null, "generation": 1, "predecessor": null, "form": "bipedal", "height_cm": 132, "weight_kg": 35, "payload_kg": null, "dof": 23, "hand_dof": 7, "hands": "optional Dex3-1 three-finger hand (7 DOF) or five-finger hands on EDU versions; up to 43 DOF total", "battery_kwh": 0.75, "runtime_hours": 2, "walk_speed_ms": 2, "actuation": "electric (knee joint torque up to 120 Nm)", "compute": "8-core CPU on base model; Nvidia Jetson Orin NX (100 TOPS) on EDU versions", "sensors": "Intel RealSense D435i depth camera, Livox Mid-360 3D LiDAR, microphone array", "ai_stack": "reinforcement-learning locomotion; open SDK (unitree_sdk2, unitree_rl_gym); widely used with third-party VLA models", "teleoperation": "partial", "teleop_note": "VR teleoperation supported via open-source projects (for example Unitree avp_teleoperate).", "autonomy_evidence": "Learned locomotion (walking, running, kung fu, dancing, standing up from the floor) demonstrated in many independent lab videos; boxing matches at the 2025 World Humanoid Robot Games in Beijing.", "price_usd": 13500, "price_note": "Base G1 listed at USD 16,000 (CNY 99,000); EDU versions with hands and Jetson compute cost several times more.", "availability": "in stock", "units_built_est": null, "units_deployed_est": null, "units_note": "Unitree has not published a unit count; multiple reports in 2025 described G1 as the highest-volume humanoid in the world.", "customers": [], "summary": "G1 is Unitree's compact humanoid, announced in May 2024 at USD 16,000 and now listed at USD 13,500. Its low price and open SDK made it the default research and education humanoid worldwide. Read the configuration carefully: the standard machine does not support your own code, and the EDU version that does starts at USD 43,900.", "highlights": [ "Listed at USD 13,500, down from USD 16,000 at launch", "EDU version with hands and Jetson compute from USD 43,900", "Folds to 69 cm for transport" ], "open_source": false, "open_source_note": "SDK, URDF models and RL training environments are open source; hardware is not.", "image": { "url": "/img/robots/unitree-g1.webp", "width": 593, "height": 1000, "credit": "Sayanesy via Wikimedia Commons", "license": "CC0", "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Unitree_G1.jpg" }, "video_url": null, "sources": [ { "title": "Unitree G1 product page", "url": "https://www.unitree.com/g1", "date": null, "publisher": "Unitree" } ], "last_verified": "2026-09-04" }, { "slug": "unitree-h1", "name": "Unitree H1", "aliases": [ "H1" ], "company": "unitree", "country": "CN", "category": "research", "status": "commercial", "status_note": "Sold to research labs and developers since late 2023; superseded as Unitree's flagship by H1-2 and H2 but still listed for sale.", "first_revealed": "2023-08", "announced": null, "generation": 1, "predecessor": null, "form": "bipedal", "height_cm": 180, "weight_kg": 47, "payload_kg": null, "dof": 19, "hand_dof": null, "hands": "none by default, optional dexterous hands", "battery_kwh": 0.864, "runtime_hours": null, "walk_speed_ms": 3.3, "actuation": "electric (Unitree M107 joint motors, up to 360 Nm)", "compute": "Intel Core i7 class CPU plus optional Jetson Orin NX", "sensors": "Livox Mid-360 3D LiDAR, Intel RealSense D435i depth camera", "ai_stack": "reinforcement-learning locomotion policies, open SDK", "teleoperation": "partial", "teleop_note": "Remote control and teleoperation via SDK; used for demos.", "autonomy_evidence": "Walking, running and a standing backflip shown in Unitree videos (March 2024); locomotion is learned-policy autonomous, manipulation demos are mostly scripted or teleoperated.", "price_usd": 90000, "price_note": "Listed from about USD 90,000 (CNY 650,000) at launch.", "availability": "enterprise only", "units_built_est": null, "units_deployed_est": null, "units_note": "Unitree has not published per-model unit numbers.", "customers": [], "summary": "H1 is Unitree's first full-size humanoid, revealed in August 2023. It set a walking speed of 3.3 m/s and performed the first standing backflip by a full-size electric humanoid in March 2024. Sixteen H1 units danced on the CCTV Spring Festival Gala in January 2025.", "highlights": [ "3.3 m/s walking speed claimed as a full-size humanoid record", "Standing backflip without hydraulics, March 2024", "Danced on the 2025 CCTV Spring Festival Gala" ], "open_source": false, "open_source_note": "Hardware is proprietary; Unitree publishes SDK and RL training code (unitree_sdk2, unitree_rl_gym).", "image": { "url": "/img/robots/unitree-h1.webp", "width": 658, "height": 1200, "credit": "Unitree Robotics press image", "license": null, "page": "https://www.unitree.com/h1" }, "video_url": null, "sources": [ { "title": "Unitree H1 product page", "url": "https://www.unitree.com/h1", "date": null, "publisher": "Unitree" }, { "title": "Unitree H1 (Wikipedia index)", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unitree_Robotics", "date": null, "publisher": "Wikipedia" } ], "last_verified": "2026-09-04" }, { "slug": "unitree-h1-2", "name": "Unitree H1-2", "aliases": [ "H1_2", "H1 2" ], "company": "unitree", "country": "CN", "category": "research", "status": "commercial", "status_note": "Upgraded H1 with more joints and dexterous hand support, sold to research customers.", "first_revealed": "2024", "announced": null, "generation": 2, "predecessor": "unitree-h1", "form": "bipedal", "height_cm": 180, "weight_kg": 70, "payload_kg": null, "dof": 27, "hand_dof": null, "hands": "optional Dex3-1 three-finger or five-finger hands", "battery_kwh": null, "runtime_hours": null, "walk_speed_ms": null, "actuation": "electric", "compute": null, "sensors": "3D LiDAR and depth camera", "ai_stack": "same SDK family as H1 and G1", "teleoperation": "partial", "teleop_note": null, "autonomy_evidence": "Used in academic teleoperation and imitation-learning papers; Unitree has shown walking and manipulation demos.", "price_usd": null, "price_note": "No public list price; sold on quotation.", "availability": "enterprise only", "units_built_est": null, "units_deployed_est": null, "units_note": null, "customers": [], "summary": "H1-2 is the second iteration of the full-size H1 line with 27 degrees of freedom (six per leg, seven per arm, one waist joint) and support for dexterous hands. It is mainly a research platform.", "highlights": [ "27 DOF versus 19 on H1", "Seven-DOF arms for manipulation research" ], "open_source": false, "open_source_note": null, "image": null, "video_url": null, "sources": [ { "title": "Unitree H1 product page (covers H1-2)", "url": "https://www.unitree.com/h1", "date": null, "publisher": "Unitree" } ], "last_verified": null }, { "slug": "unitree-h2", "name": "Unitree H2", "aliases": [ "H2", "H2 Bionic Companion" ], "company": "unitree", "country": "CN", "category": "general-purpose", "status": "limited-production", "status_note": "Revealed October 2025 as a full-size successor to H1 with a human-like face option; performed at the 2026 Spring Festival Gala; pricing on request.", "first_revealed": "2025-10-20", "announced": null, "generation": 3, "predecessor": "unitree-h1-2", "form": "bipedal", "height_cm": 180, "weight_kg": 70, "payload_kg": null, "dof": 31, "hand_dof": null, "hands": "optional dexterous hands", "battery_kwh": null, "runtime_hours": null, "walk_speed_ms": null, "actuation": "electric", "compute": null, "sensors": null, "ai_stack": null, "teleoperation": "unknown", "teleop_note": null, "autonomy_evidence": "Dance, martial arts and catwalk demos in Unitree videos; independent verification limited to trade show appearances.", "price_usd": 29900, "price_note": "No public list price at time of writing.", "availability": "preorder", "units_built_est": null, "units_deployed_est": null, "units_note": null, "customers": [], "summary": "H2 is Unitree's third full-size humanoid, revealed in October 2025 with 31 degrees of freedom, 180 cm height and 70 kg weight. It is positioned as a general-purpose and entertainment platform.", "highlights": [ "31 DOF full-size platform", "Human-like face option marketed as Bionic Companion" ], "open_source": false, "open_source_note": null, "image": { "url": "/img/robots/unitree-h2.webp", "width": 800, "height": 800, "credit": "Unitree Robotics press image", "license": null, "page": "https://www.unitree.com" }, "video_url": null, "sources": [ { "title": "Unitree H2 product page", "url": "https://www.unitree.com/h2", "date": null, "publisher": "Unitree" } ], "last_verified": "2026-09-04" }, { "slug": "unitree-r1", "name": "Unitree R1", "aliases": [ "R1", "R1 Air", "R1 EDU" ], "company": "unitree", "country": "CN", "category": "research", "status": "commercial", "status_note": "Announced July 2025 as an entry-level humanoid; shipping in Air, Basic and EDU variants.", "first_revealed": "2025-07-25", "announced": null, "generation": 1, "predecessor": null, "form": "bipedal", "height_cm": 121, "weight_kg": 25, "payload_kg": null, "dof": 26, "hand_dof": null, "hands": "optional on EDU versions", "battery_kwh": null, "runtime_hours": null, "walk_speed_ms": null, "actuation": "electric", "compute": "8-core CPU with integrated GPU; Jetson option on EDU", "sensors": "binocular camera, 4-microphone array", "ai_stack": "reinforcement-learning locomotion, voice and vision multimodal model on device", "teleoperation": "partial", "teleop_note": null, "autonomy_evidence": "Walking, cartwheels, handstands and boxing in Unitree launch video; third-party demos from universities.", "price_usd": 4900, "price_note": "From CNY 39,900 (about USD 5,900) for the base version at launch.", "availability": "in stock", "units_built_est": null, "units_deployed_est": null, "units_note": null, "customers": [], "summary": "R1 is Unitree's low-cost humanoid, launched in July 2025 at CNY 39,900. At roughly a third of the G1 price it pushed the entry price for a walking humanoid below USD 6,000.", "highlights": [ "Launch price CNY 39,900", "Weighs about 25 kg" ], "open_source": false, "open_source_note": null, "image": null, "video_url": null, "sources": [ { "title": "Unitree R1 product page", "url": "https://www.unitree.com/R1", "date": null, "publisher": "Unitree" } ], "last_verified": "2026-09-04" }, { "slug": "nasa-valkyrie", "name": "Valkyrie", "aliases": [ "R5" ], "company": "nasa", "country": "US", "category": "research", "status": "research", "status_note": "Research platform since 2013; units at NASA JSC and partner universities; loaned to Woodside Energy in Australia in 2023.", "first_revealed": "2013-12", "announced": null, "generation": null, "predecessor": null, "form": "bipedal", "height_cm": 188, "weight_kg": null, "payload_kg": null, "dof": 44, "hand_dof": null, "hands": null, "battery_kwh": null, "runtime_hours": null, "walk_speed_ms": null, "actuation": "electric, series elastic actuators", "compute": null, "sensors": null, "ai_stack": null, "teleoperation": "yes", "teleop_note": null, "autonomy_evidence": "Used in the DARPA Robotics Challenge trials (2013) and NASA Space Robotics Challenge; remote-operation trials at Woodside (2023 onward).", "price_usd": null, "price_note": "government program", "availability": "not for sale", "units_built_est": null, "units_deployed_est": null, "units_note": "Four units are usually cited (NASA plus three university partners); weight reported between 125 and 136 kg.", "customers": [ "MIT", "Northeastern University", "University of Edinburgh", "Woodside Energy" ], "summary": "Valkyrie (R5) is NASA Johnson Space Center's electric humanoid, built in 2013 for the DARPA Robotics Challenge and later loaned to universities and to Woodside Energy for remote-operation research. Several Apptronik founders worked on it. It remains a research platform.", "highlights": [ "Built in about a year for the DARPA Robotics Challenge trials", "44 DoF, about 188 cm", "Woodside Energy loan in Australia 2023" ], "open_source": false, "open_source_note": null, "image": { "url": "/img/robots/nasa-valkyrie.webp", "width": 900, "height": 1200, "credit": "NASA/Bill Stafford, James Blair, Regan Geeseman via Wikimedia Commons", "license": "Public domain", "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Valkyrie-robot-3.jpg" }, "video_url": null, "sources": [ { "title": "Valkyrie (robot)", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valkyrie_(robot)", "date": null, "publisher": "Wikipedia" }, { "title": "NASA Valkyrie", "url": "https://www.nasa.gov/general/valkyrie/", "date": null, "publisher": "NASA" } ], "last_verified": null }, { "slug": "vinmotion-humanoid", "name": "VinMotion humanoid", "aliases": [ "VinMotion Motion 1" ], "company": "vinmotion", "country": "VN", "category": "general-purpose", "status": "prototype", "status_note": "Vingroup's robotics arm, founded January 2025, showed its first humanoid prototypes in 2025; name and specs to be verified.", "first_revealed": "2025", "announced": "2025-01", "generation": 1, "predecessor": null, "form": "bipedal", "height_cm": null, "weight_kg": null, "payload_kg": null, "dof": null, "hand_dof": null, "hands": null, "battery_kwh": null, "runtime_hours": null, "walk_speed_ms": null, "actuation": "electric", "compute": null, "sensors": null, "ai_stack": null, "teleoperation": "unknown", "teleop_note": null, "autonomy_evidence": null, "price_usd": null, "price_note": null, "availability": "not for sale", "units_built_est": null, "units_deployed_est": null, "units_note": null, "customers": [], "summary": "VinMotion is the humanoid robotics company of Vietnam's Vingroup, set up in January 2025 to build robots for VinFast factories and services.", "highlights": [ "Vietnam's first humanoid program" ], "open_source": false, "open_source_note": null, "image": null, "video_url": null, "sources": [ { "title": "Vingroup newsroom", "url": "https://vingroup.net/en/news", "date": null, "publisher": "Vingroup" } ], "last_verified": null }, { "slug": "wabian-2r", "name": "WABIAN-2R", "aliases": [ "WABIAN", "WABIAN-2" ], "company": "waseda", "country": "JP", "category": "research", "status": "retired", "status_note": "Waseda bipedal humanoid research line from 1996; WABIAN-2R (2006) used for gait studies with straightened knees.", "first_revealed": "2006", "announced": null, "generation": null, "predecessor": "wabot-2", "form": "bipedal", "height_cm": 150, "weight_kg": 64, "payload_kg": null, "dof": 41, "hand_dof": null, "hands": null, "battery_kwh": null, "runtime_hours": null, "walk_speed_ms": null, "actuation": "electric DC motors", "compute": null, "sensors": null, "ai_stack": null, "teleoperation": "no", "teleop_note": null, "autonomy_evidence": "Human-like walking with stretched knees and pelvis motion in Takanishi lab experiments.", "price_usd": null, "price_note": "Research robot.", "availability": "not for sale", "units_built_est": null, "units_deployed_est": null, "units_note": null, "customers": [], "summary": "WABIAN (WAseda BIpedal humANoid) is Waseda's series of walking research humanoids started in 1996. WABIAN-2R, 150 cm and 64 kg with 41 DOF, was used to study human-like gait.", "highlights": [ "Waseda walking research platform since 1996" ], "open_source": false, "open_source_note": null, "image": null, "video_url": null, "sources": [ { "title": "Takanishi Laboratory WABIAN-2R", "url": "http://www.takanishi.mech.waseda.ac.jp/top/research/wabian/", "date": null, "publisher": "Waseda University" } ], "last_verified": null }, { "slug": "wabot-1", "name": "WABOT-1", "aliases": [ "WAseda roBOT 1" ], "company": "waseda", "country": "JP", "category": "historic", "status": "retired", "status_note": "Completed 1973 at Waseda University; regarded as the first full-scale anthropomorphic robot.", "first_revealed": "1973", "announced": "1970", "generation": 1, "predecessor": null, "form": "bipedal", "height_cm": null, "weight_kg": null, "payload_kg": null, "dof": null, "hand_dof": null, "hands": "hands with tactile sensors", "battery_kwh": null, "runtime_hours": null, "walk_speed_ms": null, "actuation": "hydraulic legs, electric arms", "compute": "external computer", "sensors": "camera eyes, ears (microphones), tactile sensors", "ai_stack": "limb control, vision and Japanese speech systems", "teleoperation": "no", "teleop_note": null, "autonomy_evidence": "Could walk (about 45 seconds per step), grasp objects and converse in Japanese; estimated mental capacity of a one and a half year old child.", "price_usd": null, "price_note": "Research robot.", "availability": "not for sale", "units_built_est": 1, "units_deployed_est": null, "units_note": null, "customers": [], "summary": "WABOT-1, built by Ichiro Kato's group at Waseda University between 1970 and 1973, is generally considered the world's first full-scale humanoid robot, combining walking, manipulation, vision and speech.", "highlights": [ "First full-scale anthropomorphic robot", "Waseda University, 1973" ], "open_source": false, "open_source_note": null, "image": null, "video_url": null, "sources": [ { "title": "WABOT, Waseda Humanoid Robotics Institute", "url": "http://www.humanoid.waseda.ac.jp/booklet/kato_2.html", "date": null, "publisher": "Waseda University" }, { "title": "WABOT, Wikipedia", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WABOT", "date": null, "publisher": "Wikipedia" } ], "last_verified": null }, { "slug": "wabot-2", "name": "WABOT-2", "aliases": [ "WASUBOT" ], "company": "waseda", "country": "JP", "category": "historic", "status": "retired", "status_note": "Keyboard-playing humanoid completed 1984; performed at Expo 85 in Tsukuba.", "first_revealed": "1984", "announced": "1980", "generation": 2, "predecessor": "wabot-1", "form": "upper-body", "height_cm": null, "weight_kg": null, "payload_kg": null, "dof": 50, "hand_dof": null, "hands": "ten fingers", "battery_kwh": null, "runtime_hours": null, "walk_speed_ms": null, "actuation": "electric", "compute": null, "sensors": "camera for reading sheet music", "ai_stack": "sheet-music reading and performance system", "teleoperation": "no", "teleop_note": null, "autonomy_evidence": "Read musical scores with its camera and played an electronic organ with hands and feet; performed at Expo 85.", "price_usd": null, "price_note": "Research robot.", "availability": "not for sale", "units_built_est": 1, "units_deployed_est": null, "units_note": null, "customers": [], "summary": "WABOT-2 was Waseda's specialist musician robot, able to read a score and play a keyboard, presented at the 1985 Tsukuba science expo.", "highlights": [ "Played the organ at Expo 85" ], "open_source": false, "open_source_note": null, "image": null, "video_url": null, "sources": [ { "title": "WABOT, Wikipedia", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WABOT", "date": null, "publisher": "Wikipedia" } ], "last_verified": null }, { "slug": "iit-walk-man", "name": "WALK-MAN", "aliases": [], "company": "iit", "country": "IT", "category": "research", "status": "retired", "status_note": "EU-funded disaster-response humanoid built for the 2015 DARPA Robotics Challenge; project ended.", "first_revealed": "2015", "announced": null, "generation": null, "predecessor": null, "form": "bipedal", "height_cm": 185, "weight_kg": 118, "payload_kg": null, "dof": null, "hand_dof": null, "hands": null, "battery_kwh": null, "runtime_hours": null, "walk_speed_ms": null, "actuation": "electric, series elastic", "compute": null, "sensors": null, "ai_stack": null, "teleoperation": "yes", "teleop_note": null, "autonomy_evidence": null, "price_usd": null, "price_note": "research project", "availability": "not for sale", "units_built_est": null, "units_deployed_est": null, "units_note": null, "customers": [], "summary": "WALK-MAN was a large humanoid built by IIT with the University of Pisa and partners under an EU project for disaster response, and it competed in the 2015 DARPA Robotics Challenge finals. The project produced a second, lighter version in 2017.", "highlights": [ "DARPA Robotics Challenge 2015 finalist", "EU FP7 project" ], "open_source": false, "open_source_note": null, "image": null, "video_url": null, "sources": [ { "title": "WALK-MAN", "url": "https://walk-man.eu/", "date": null, "publisher": "WALK-MAN project" } ], "last_verified": null }, { "aliases": [ "Isaac 1", "Isaac" ], "status_note": "Preorders open, first California deliveries stated for autumn 2026 and wider United States availability through 2027.", "first_revealed": "2026-07-09", "announced": null, "generation": null, "predecessor": null, "payload_kg": null, "dof": null, "hand_dof": null, "hands": "two arms with grippers on a wheeled base", "battery_kwh": null, "runtime_hours": null, "walk_speed_ms": null, "actuation": null, "compute": null, "sensors": null, "ai_stack": null, "teleoperation": "partial", "teleop_note": "Weave has been open that remote human operators assist with tasks the robot cannot yet finish alone.", "autonomy_evidence": null, "price_note": "$7,999 outright or $449 a month, with a $250 refundable deposit to hold a preorder.", "units_built_est": null, "units_deployed_est": null, "units_note": null, "customers": [], "highlights": [ "$7,999, or $449 a month", "Folds laundry and resets rooms", "First California deliveries autumn 2026" ], "open_source": null, "open_source_note": null, "image": null, "video_url": null, "last_verified": "2026-09-04", "weight_kg": null, "height_cm": 167, "slug": "weave-isaac-1", "name": "Weave Isaac 1", "company": "weave-robotics", "country": "US", "category": "home", "status": "limited-production", "form": "wheeled-base", "price_usd": 7999, "availability": "preorder", "summary": "Isaac 1 is a wheeled home robot with two arms that collects and folds laundry, makes beds and resets rooms. At $7,999 it is the cheapest home robot with a stated delivery date, and the wheeled base is the reason: no legs means far less cost and far less that can go wrong.", "sources": [ { "title": "Weave Robotics launches Isaac 1, a $7,999 home robot", "url": "https://thenextweb.com/news/weave-robotics-isaac-1-home-robot", "date": "2026-07-09", "publisher": "The Next Web" }, { "title": "Weave Isaac 1 robot: the $7,999 robot that folds your laundry", "url": "https://the-gadgeteer.com/2026/07/31/weave-isaac-1-robot-folds-laundry/", "date": "2026-07-31", "publisher": "The Gadgeteer" } ] }, { "slug": "xiaomi-cyberone", "name": "Xiaomi CyberOne", "aliases": [ "CyberOne" ], "company": "xiaomi", "country": "CN", "category": "research", "status": "research", "status_note": "Prototype shown in August 2022; no product followed, Xiaomi continues humanoid research for its own factories.", "first_revealed": "2022-08-11", "announced": null, "generation": 1, "predecessor": null, "form": "bipedal", "height_cm": 177, "weight_kg": 52, "payload_kg": 1.5, "dof": 21, "hand_dof": null, "hands": null, "battery_kwh": null, "runtime_hours": null, "walk_speed_ms": 1, "actuation": "electric (peak joint torque 300 Nm)", "compute": null, "sensors": "Mi-Sense depth vision module, emotion recognition", "ai_stack": null, "teleoperation": "unknown", "teleop_note": null, "autonomy_evidence": "Walked on stage and handed Lei Jun a flower at the launch event.", "price_usd": null, "price_note": "Xiaomi cited a cost of CNY 600,000 to 700,000 per unit.", "availability": "not for sale", "units_built_est": null, "units_deployed_est": null, "units_note": null, "customers": [], "summary": "CyberOne was Xiaomi's first full-size humanoid, revealed by Lei Jun in August 2022. It remained a research prototype.", "highlights": [ "Revealed 2022, before most Chinese humanoid startups existed" ], "open_source": false, "open_source_note": null, "image": null, "video_url": null, "sources": [ { "title": "Xiaomi press release CyberOne", "url": "https://www.mi.com/global/discover/article?id=2360", "date": null, "publisher": "Xiaomi" } ], "last_verified": null }, { "slug": "xpeng-iron", "name": "Xpeng Iron", "aliases": [ "IRON" ], "company": "xpeng", "country": "CN", "category": "general-purpose", "status": "prototype", "status_note": "Second-generation Iron shown November 2025; Xpeng targets mass production by end of 2026 for guide, reception and factory roles.", "first_revealed": "2024-11-06", "announced": null, "generation": 2, "predecessor": "xpeng-px5", "form": "bipedal", "height_cm": 178, "weight_kg": 70, "payload_kg": null, "dof": 82, "hand_dof": 22, "hands": "22-DOF hands (2025 version)", "battery_kwh": null, "runtime_hours": null, "walk_speed_ms": null, "actuation": "electric with a flexible spine and artificial muscle skin", "compute": "three Xpeng Turing chips, about 2,250 TOPS", "sensors": null, "ai_stack": "Xpeng VLA and VLT models", "teleoperation": "unknown", "teleop_note": null, "autonomy_evidence": "Catwalk gait at Tech Day 2025; earlier Iron shown screwing parts on the Guangzhou P7+ line in 2024. Xpeng cut open the robot's leg on 6 November 2025 to counter claims that a person was inside.", "price_usd": null, "price_note": "No public price.", "availability": "not for sale", "units_built_est": null, "units_deployed_est": null, "units_note": null, "customers": [], "summary": "Iron is Xpeng's full-size humanoid, first shown in November 2024 working in its Guangzhou car plant. The 2025 version adds 82 degrees of freedom, a bionic spine, solid-state battery and Xpeng's own Turing chips, with mass production planned for late 2026.", "highlights": [ "82 DOF with 22-DOF hands", "Xpeng Turing chips, about 2,250 TOPS", "Mass production targeted for end of 2026" ], "open_source": false, "open_source_note": null, "image": null, "video_url": null, "sources": [ { "title": "Xpeng newsroom", "url": "https://www.xpeng.com/news", "date": null, "publisher": "Xpeng" } ], "last_verified": null }, { "slug": "xpeng-px5", "name": "Xpeng PX5", "aliases": [ "PX5" ], "company": "xpeng", "country": "CN", "category": "research", "status": "discontinued", "status_note": "Bipedal prototype revealed October 2023; replaced by Iron.", "first_revealed": "2023-10-24", "announced": null, "generation": 1, "predecessor": null, "form": "bipedal", "height_cm": null, "weight_kg": null, "payload_kg": null, "dof": null, "hand_dof": null, "hands": "five-finger hands", "battery_kwh": null, "runtime_hours": 2, "walk_speed_ms": null, "actuation": "electric", "compute": null, "sensors": null, "ai_stack": null, "teleoperation": "unknown", "teleop_note": null, "autonomy_evidence": "Walking on stage at Xpeng Tech Day 2023.", "price_usd": null, "price_note": "Never sold.", "availability": "not for sale", "units_built_est": null, "units_deployed_est": null, "units_note": null, "customers": [], "summary": "PX5 was Xpeng's first bipedal humanoid, shown at Tech Day in October 2023 as part of its robotics program alongside the Xpeng flying car.", "highlights": [], "open_source": false, "open_source_note": null, "image": null, "video_url": null, "sources": [ { "title": "Xpeng newsroom", "url": "https://www.xpeng.com/news", "date": null, "publisher": "Xpeng" } ], "last_verified": null }, { "slug": "cartwheel-yogi", "name": "Yogi", "aliases": [], "company": "cartwheel-robotics", "country": "US", "category": "home", "status": "prototype", "status_note": "Small friendly home humanoid prototype shown 2025; no sales.", "first_revealed": "2025", "announced": null, "generation": null, "predecessor": null, "form": "bipedal", "height_cm": null, "weight_kg": null, "payload_kg": null, "dof": null, "hand_dof": null, "hands": null, "battery_kwh": null, "runtime_hours": null, "walk_speed_ms": null, "actuation": "electric", "compute": null, "sensors": null, "ai_stack": null, "teleoperation": "unknown", "teleop_note": null, "autonomy_evidence": null, "price_usd": null, "price_note": "no public price", "availability": "not for sale", "units_built_est": null, "units_deployed_est": null, "units_note": null, "customers": [], "summary": "Yogi is a child-sized companion humanoid from Cartwheel Robotics, founded by former Disney and Boston Dynamics engineer Scott LaValley. It emphasises character and safety over industrial tasks.", "highlights": [ "Character-driven home robot", "Founder from Disney Imagineering and Boston Dynamics" ], "open_source": false, "open_source_note": null, "image": null, "video_url": null, "sources": [ { "title": "Cartwheel Robotics", "url": "https://www.cartwheelrobotics.com/", "date": null, "publisher": "Cartwheel Robotics" } ], "last_verified": null }, { "slug": "k-scale-z-bot", "name": "Z-Bot", "aliases": [], "company": "k-scale-labs", "country": "US", "category": "education", "status": "limited-production", "status_note": "Small open-source humanoid kit for developers and education.", "first_revealed": "2025", "announced": null, "generation": 1, "predecessor": null, "form": "bipedal", "height_cm": null, "weight_kg": null, "payload_kg": null, "dof": null, "hand_dof": null, "hands": null, "battery_kwh": null, "runtime_hours": null, "walk_speed_ms": null, "actuation": "electric", "compute": null, "sensors": null, "ai_stack": null, "teleoperation": "partial", "teleop_note": null, "autonomy_evidence": null, "price_usd": 999, "price_note": "USD 999 at 2025 preorder", "availability": "preorder", "units_built_est": null, "units_deployed_est": null, "units_note": null, "customers": [], "summary": "Z-Bot is K-Scale Labs' small, low-cost open-source humanoid, sold from 2025 as a developer and education kit for about USD 999.", "highlights": [ "About USD 999", "Open-source" ], "open_source": true, "open_source_note": null, "image": null, "video_url": null, "sources": [ { "title": "K-Scale Labs", "url": "https://www.kscale.dev/", "date": null, "publisher": "K-Scale Labs" } ], "last_verified": "2026-09-04" } ] }