# humanoid.observer

> Which humanoid robot can you actually buy? 44 humanoid robots are orderable today, from $299, each with a price, a purchase channel and an independent score out of 100. Behind the guide sits a database of 182 robots, 109 companies, 69 funding rounds, 52 deployments and 111 milestones. Prices checked 2026-09-04. No commission, no paid placement. Data CC BY 4.0.

## Key pages
- [Robots on sale](https://humanoid.observer/robots/): every humanoid with specs, status, price and sources, filtered to what can be ordered
- [Buyer guides](https://humanoid.observer/best/): the best robot per budget and per purpose
- [Compare](https://humanoid.observer/compare/): two to four robots side by side
- [Method](https://humanoid.observer/method/): how the score out of 100 is built
- [Database](https://humanoid.observer/database/): the full record behind the guide
- [Companies](https://humanoid.observer/companies/): makers, labs and backers
- [The Humanoid Index](https://humanoid.observer/index/): ranking on deployment (50), autonomy (30), availability (20)
- [Wire](https://humanoid.observer/wire/): daily sourced news
- [Timeline](https://humanoid.observer/timeline/): milestones since 1939
- [Funding](https://humanoid.observer/funding/): rounds and valuations
- [Deployments](https://humanoid.observer/deployments/): customer sites
- [Data](https://humanoid.observer/data/): JSON and CSV downloads
- [About](https://humanoid.observer/about/): method and criteria
- [News & Blog](https://humanoid.observer/blog/): 23 articles written from the record, each with sources

## What you can buy right now, best score first
- Unitree G1 (Unitree Robotics): $13,500 to $73,900, in stock, score 77/100, sold by Unitree. The default humanoid of the moment, and the only full-featured machine that a well-funded individual can order without a procurement department. It walks, runs, gets up off the floor and has more third-party code written for it than anything else on this list. The catch is the configuration ladder: the $13,500 machine cannot run your own code, and the version that can starts at $43,900.
- AgiBot A2 (AgiBot): $44,560, in stock, score 68/100, sold by AgiBot. The Yuanzheng A2 family is AgiBot's production line, covering a bipedal interaction robot, a wheeled industrial model, a heavy-duty model and a data-collection model. A2 holds the Guinness record for the longest walk by a humanoid robot.
- Unitree R1 (Unitree Robotics): $4,900 to $5,900, in stock, score 64/100, sold by Unitree. The cheapest legged humanoid from a maker that ships in volume. At $4,900 it undercuts every serious competitor by thousands, and it exists because Unitree stripped out the things that make the G1 expensive. Treat it as a locomotion platform you can afford to break.
- Dobot Atom (Dobot): $27,500, preorder, score 61/100, sold by Dobot. Dobot has spent a decade selling robot arms to schools and small factories, and Atom is that experience applied to a humanoid. At $27,500 on preorder it is priced sensibly, and the company knows how to ship a product.
- NEO (1X Technologies): $20,000, preorder, score 59/100, sold by 1X Technologies. The clearest consumer offer anyone has made: $20,000 outright or $499 a month, with a delivery window rather than a someday. What you are buying in the first year is partly a remote human operator, and 1X has been unusually honest about that. Whether that is a robot or a very expensive telepresence rig depends on how the autonomy lands.
- Z-Bot (K-Scale Labs): $999, preorder, score 59/100, sold by K-Scale Labs. $999 for an open-source developer robot from a company that publishes everything. It is small and it is early, and it is one of the only Western options at any price under $3,000.
- Hiwonder TonyPi Pro (Hiwonder): $789, in stock, score 56/100, sold by Hiwonder. The classroom workhorse. A Raspberry Pi 5, eighteen bus servos, and course material that has already been taught to thousands of students. Nobody is doing frontier research on a TonyPi, and that is not the point.
- Noetix Bumi (Noetix Robotics): $1,400, preorder, score 52/100, sold by Noetix. Bumi is a 94 cm, 12 kg humanoid priced under CNY 10,000, positioned by Noetix as a consumer and education robot.
- Noetix N2 (Noetix Robotics): $5,500 to $8,400, in stock, score 52/100, sold by Noetix. A sub-$10,000 biped that walks well outdoors, from a company that keeps shipping. It is the most interesting machine in the gap between the toys and the $15,000 research platforms, and the least known of the group.
- AgiBot Lingxi X2 (AgiBot): $24,240, in stock, score 51/100, sold by AgiBot. AgiBot sells this one off a page rather than through a sales process, which is rare at $24,240. The Lingxi line is the company's compact platform and it has shipped in volume at home in China. Getting one outside China means freight and patience.
- Fourier N1 (Fourier): $40,000, in stock, score 51/100, sold by Robotopian. Fourier's research platform, available through distributors at around $40,000. It sits between the G1 EDU and the full-size machines, and Fourier's medical rehabilitation background shows in the actuator quality.
- Robosen K1 Pro (Robosen Robotics): $299, in stock, score 50/100, sold by Robosen. The K1 Pro is a programmable walking toy robot with 17 servos and app-based coding. It is the cheapest thing in this catalogue that walks on two legs unaided, and it is a toy, sold as one.
- Booster T1 (Booster Robotics): $29,800 to $50,925, in stock, score 49/100, sold by Booster Robotics and distributors. Built for developers and it shows: a RoboCup-winning platform with real documentation and a distributor network that will actually answer email. You pay for that. At $29,800 for the basic build it costs more than twice a G1, and the gap is support and access rather than raw capability.
- HopeJR (Hugging Face): $3,000, preorder, score 46/100, sold by Hugging Face. Not a robot so much as a pair of very capable open-source arms and hands you assemble yourself. At $3,000 it is the cheapest serious route into teleoperated manipulation research.
- Unitree H2 (Unitree Robotics): $29,900, preorder, score 45/100, sold by Unitree. A list price with no buy button. Unitree has quoted $29,900 for a full-size machine that would undercut everything at that scale, and that is worth watching, but you cannot order it. Treat the number as a statement of intent.
- Booster K1 (Booster Robotics): $5,999 to $12,500, in stock, score 43/100, sold by Booster Robotics and distributors. K1 is Booster's entry-level education humanoid, under one metre tall and about 15 kg.
- EngineAI PM01 (EngineAI): $13,700, in stock, score 42/100, sold by EngineAI. EngineAI made its name with a robot that did a front flip, and the PM01 is the machine most people can actually buy. At $13,700 it is priced against the G1 and it moves better than the price suggests. Everything else about ownership is harder.
- Reachy Mini (Pollen Robotics): $299 to $449, preorder, score 41/100, sold by Hugging Face. $299 for something that is honestly not a humanoid, and the best value on this entire site anyway. It is the cheapest legitimate door into the open embodied-AI stack that runs on machines a hundred times the price, and everything you learn on it transfers.
- UBTech Alpha series (UBTech Robotics): $499, in stock, score 41/100, sold by UBTech. The Alpha series of 40 cm hobby humanoids built UBTech's early business and funded its later full-size Walker program. Alpha 1S robots performed on the 2016 Spring Festival Gala.
- LimX TRON 1 (LimX Dynamics): $15,000, in stock, score 40/100, sold by LimX Dynamics. A compact research biped at $15,000 from a company with real robotics pedigree. It is deliberately small, which makes it one of the few machines a single person can carry to a test site.
- Weave Isaac 1 (Weave Robotics): $7,999, preorder, score 40/100, sold by Weave Robotics. The most interesting thing about Isaac is what it gives up. No legs, no full-size torso, no attempt at a general-purpose humanoid. It rolls, it has two arms, it folds your laundry, and it costs $7,999 because of everything it does not try to be. That is a far more credible 2026 home robot than most of the bipeds twice its price.
- Hiwonder Tonybot (Hiwonder): $459, in stock, score 39/100, sold by Hiwonder. Tonybot is Hiwonder's entry-level Arduino humanoid kit, expandable with dot-matrix displays, buzzers and ultrasonic sensors. The cheapest functional build-it-yourself humanoid from an established supplier.
- Reachy 2 (Pollen Robotics): $70,000 to $75,000, in stock, score 39/100, sold by Pollen Robotics, part of Hugging Face. The only humanoid at this price where you get the whole stack: hardware designs, software, and a company inside Hugging Face that has staked its reputation on keeping it open. Reachy 2 does not walk, and for a research group that is often fine. What it buys you is the freedom to change anything.
- ROBOTIS MINI (Robotis): $539, in stock, score 38/100, sold by RobotShop and Amazon. Twenty-seven centimetres of DYNAMIXEL servos and block coding. It is the safest way to put a walking humanoid in front of a twelve year old, and it plugs into the same ecosystem as ROBOTIS machines used in serious labs.
- PNDbotics Adam (PNDbotics): No public price, in stock, score 37/100, sold by Robotopian and PNDbotics. Adam is a full-size research humanoid from Beijing startup PNDbotics, noted for its natural walking gait and use in imitation-learning research.

## Buyer guides and their current answers
- What is the best humanoid robot money can buy right now? Unitree G1 by Unitree Robotics, $13,500 to $73,900, score 77/100. See https://humanoid.observer/best/best-overall/
- What is the best humanoid robot under $1,000? Z-Bot by K-Scale Labs, $999, score 59/100. See https://humanoid.observer/best/under-1000/
- What is the best humanoid robot under $10,000? Unitree R1 by Unitree Robotics, $4,900 to $5,900, score 64/100. See https://humanoid.observer/best/under-10000/
- Which humanoid robot can I actually put in my house? NEO by 1X Technologies, $20,000, score 59/100. See https://humanoid.observer/best/for-the-home/
- Which humanoid robot should I buy to build on? Unitree G1 by Unitree Robotics, $13,500 to $73,900, score 77/100. See https://humanoid.observer/best/for-developers/
- Which humanoid robot works in a classroom? Z-Bot by K-Scale Labs, $999, score 59/100. See https://humanoid.observer/best/for-education/
- Which full-size humanoid should a lab buy? Unitree G1 by Unitree Robotics, $13,500 to $73,900, score 77/100. See https://humanoid.observer/best/for-research/
- Which humanoids are doing paid work today? AgiBot A2 by AgiBot, $44,560, score 68/100. See https://humanoid.observer/best/for-work/

## Humanoid Index, top 10
- #1 AgiBot A2 (AgiBot): 58/100
- #2 Unitree G1 (Unitree Robotics): 58/100
- #3 Figure 02 (Figure AI): 56/100
- #4 Galbot G1 (Galbot): 56/100
- #5 Kawada NEXTAGE (Kawada Robotics): 56/100
- #6 ROBOTIS OP3 (Robotis): 56/100
- #7 UBTech Walker S1 (UBTech Robotics): 54/100
- #8 AgiBot Lingxi X2 (AgiBot): 52/100
- #9 Fourier GR-1 (Fourier): 52/100
- #10 Fourier N1 (Fourier): 52/100

## Robots
- [4NE-1](https://humanoid.observer/robots/neura-4ne-1/): Neura Robotics, prototype, 180 cm. 4NE-1 is the humanoid from Neura Robotics of Metzingen, Germany, first revealed in 2023 and shown in a third generation at Automatica 2025. Neura, founded by David Reger in 2019, also makes cognitive industrial robots and positions 4NE-1 for factories and later households.
- [Addverb Heal](https://humanoid.observer/robots/addverb-heal/): Addverb Technologies, concept. Heal is the humanoid announced by Indian warehouse-robot maker Addverb, backed by Reliance, for healthcare and industrial use.
- [AEON](https://humanoid.observer/robots/hexagon-aeon/): Hexagon AB (Hexagon Robotics), pilot. AEON is Hexagon's industrial humanoid, unveiled on 17 June 2025 at HxGN LIVE in Las Vegas. It combines legs with wheels for locomotion, hot-swappable batteries and Hexagon's measurement sensors, and is aimed at inspection, scanning and material handling in factories.
- [AgiBot A2](https://humanoid.observer/robots/agibot-yuanzheng-a2/): AgiBot, commercial, 169 cm, USD 44560. The Yuanzheng A2 family is AgiBot's production line, covering a bipedal interaction robot, a wheeled industrial model, a heavy-duty model and a data-collection model. A2 holds the Guinness record for the longest walk by a humanoid robot.
- [AgiBot Genie G1](https://humanoid.observer/robots/agibot-genie-g1/): AgiBot, commercial. Genie G1 is a wheeled upper-body platform that AgiBot uses to gather manipulation data for its foundation models and sells to researchers.
- [AgiBot Genie G2](https://humanoid.observer/robots/agibot-genie-g2/): AgiBot, limited-production, USD 130000. Genie G2 is the second wheeled dual-arm platform from AgiBot, aimed at light industrial and commercial manipulation tasks.
- [AgiBot Lingxi X1](https://humanoid.observer/robots/agibot-lingxi-x1/): AgiBot, commercial, 130 cm. Lingxi X1 is AgiBot's open-source humanoid, with design files and a software framework published in 2024 to seed a developer ecosystem.
- [AgiBot Lingxi X2](https://humanoid.observer/robots/agibot-lingxi-x2/): AgiBot, commercial, 130 cm, USD 24240. Lingxi X2 is a 1.3 m interactive humanoid that AgiBot showed riding a bicycle at launch. It targets education, entertainment and research buyers.
- [AgiBot Raise A1](https://humanoid.observer/robots/agibot-raise-a1/): AgiBot, discontinued, 175 cm. Raise A1 was the first humanoid from AgiBot, founded by former Huawei engineer Peng Zhihui. The 80 kg payload figure is the claimed total carrying capacity, not a per-arm rating.
- [Agile ONE](https://humanoid.observer/robots/agile-robots-agile-one/): Agile Robots, prototype. Agile ONE is the humanoid prototype announced in June 2025 by Agile Robots, a Munich company founded in 2018 by DLR alumni that already produces industrial arms. It extends the company's force-controlled arm technology to a full humanoid.
- [AIDOL](https://humanoid.observer/robots/aidol/): New Technology Coalition, prototype. AIDOL is a Russian humanoid unveiled by the New Technology Coalition in Moscow in November 2025; the developers said 77 percent of its components were Russian made.
- [Akinrobotics ADA GH5](https://humanoid.observer/robots/akinrobotics-ada-gh5/): Akinrobotics, limited-production. ADA GH5 is the flagship humanoid of Akinrobotics, which opened what it called Turkey's first humanoid robot factory in Konya in December 2017.
- [Alex](https://humanoid.observer/robots/boardwalk-alex/): Boardwalk Robotics, prototype. Alex is an upper-body humanoid from Boardwalk Robotics, a Pensacola company spun out of IHMC. Revealed in August 2024, it is designed to mount on stands or mobile bases for manufacturing and logistics work, with legs planned later.
- [Ameca](https://humanoid.observer/robots/engineered-arts-ameca/): Engineered Arts, commercial. Ameca is Engineered Arts' expressive humanoid, unveiled in December 2021 and shown at CES 2022, best known for realistic facial expressions and LLM-driven conversation. Gen 2 arrived in 2023 with a modular design. It is used for research, exhibitions and events rather than physical work.
- [Apollo](https://humanoid.observer/robots/apptronik-apollo/): Apptronik, pilot, 173 cm. Apollo is Apptronik's general-purpose humanoid, revealed on 23 August 2023, with a 25 kg payload and four-hour swappable batteries. It is piloted by Mercedes-Benz, GXO and Jabil, and Google DeepMind has partnered with Apptronik on its AI. Apptronik's team previously worked on NASA's Valkyrie.
- [ASIMO](https://humanoid.observer/robots/asimo/): Honda, retired, 130 cm. ASIMO, unveiled by Honda on 31 October 2000, was the best known humanoid of its era, evolving through several versions until the 2011 model that ran at 9 km/h. Honda ended development in 2018 and retired the robot from public shows in 2022.
- [Astra](https://humanoid.observer/robots/apptronik-astra/): Apptronik, retired. Astra was an upper-body humanoid Apptronik built in 2022 to develop dual-arm manipulation and teleoperation before Apollo. It was one of about ten robots the company built after its NASA Valkyrie work. It has been superseded by Apollo.
- [Astribot S1](https://humanoid.observer/robots/astribot-s1/): Astribot, limited-production. Astribot S1 is a wheeled dual-arm humanoid from Shenzhen startup Astribot (Stardust Intelligence) whose April 2024 video of fast household manipulation went viral. The company says each arm carries 10 kg and moves at up to 10 m/s.
- [Atlas (electric)](https://humanoid.observer/robots/boston-dynamics-atlas-electric/): Boston Dynamics, pilot. The electric Atlas, revealed on 17 April 2024, replaced the hydraulic Atlas with a fully electric design whose joints rotate through 360 degrees. Boston Dynamics is developing it as a commercial factory robot with Hyundai Motor Group and using large behavior models from Toyota Research Institute and Google DeepMind. A production-intent version was unveiled at CES in January 2026.
- [Atlas (hydraulic)](https://humanoid.observer/robots/boston-dynamics-atlas-hydraulic/): Boston Dynamics, retired, 150 cm. The hydraulic Atlas was unveiled in July 2013 for the DARPA Robotics Challenge and became the best-known research humanoid of the 2010s through its parkour and backflip videos. Later versions were 150 cm tall, 89 kg and had 28 hydraulic joints. Boston Dynamics retired it in April 2024.
- [ATRIAS](https://humanoid.observer/robots/atrias/): Oregon State University, retired. ATRIAS was a bipedal robot built at Oregon State University's Dynamic Robotics Laboratory under Jonathan Hurst to test the spring mass model of walking and running. It is not a full humanoid but its legs and controllers led directly to Agility Robotics' Cassie and Digit. It walked and ran outdoors and survived kicks and thrown balls.
- [Berkeley Humanoid](https://humanoid.observer/robots/berkeley-humanoid/): University of California, Berkeley, research, 85 cm. Berkeley Humanoid is a mid sized, low cost bipedal research robot from UC Berkeley's Hybrid Robotics Lab, presented in a July 2024 paper as a reliable platform for learning based control. It was designed to be built and repaired by a small team and to survive many falls. It led to the fully open source Berkeley Humanoid Lite in 2025.
- [Berkeley Humanoid Lite](https://humanoid.observer/robots/berkeley-humanoid-lite/): University of California, Berkeley, research, USD 5000. Berkeley Humanoid Lite is a fully open source, 3D printed, mid sized humanoid from UC Berkeley intended to make humanoid research accessible. All hardware, firmware, simulation and training code are public and the parts cost under 5,000 dollars. It uses 3D printed cycloidal actuators that can be rebuilt after failure.
- [Booster K1](https://humanoid.observer/robots/booster-k1/): Booster Robotics, commercial, 95 cm, USD 5999. K1 is Booster's entry-level education humanoid, under one metre tall and about 15 kg.
- [Booster T1](https://humanoid.observer/robots/booster-t1/): Booster Robotics, commercial, 118 cm, USD 29800. Booster T1 is a 1.18 m robust humanoid built for research and robot soccer. Its ability to survive falls made it popular with university RoboCup teams.
- [BRUCE](https://humanoid.observer/robots/bruce/): University of California, Los Angeles, research. BRUCE is a kid size bipedal robot developed at UCLA's Robotics and Mechanisms Laboratory under Dennis Hong, with proprioceptive actuators and an open software stack intended for dynamic locomotion research. Westwood Robotics sells it as a research kit. It follows RoMeLa's earlier open platforms such as DARwIn-OP.
- [Calvin-40](https://humanoid.observer/robots/wandercraft-calvin-40/): Wandercraft, prototype. Calvin-40 is Wandercraft's first humanoid, built in 40 days in 2025 by reusing the actuators and balance control of its self-balancing exoskeletons. It is aimed at automotive plants, with Renault as launch partner and investor.
- [CASBOT 01](https://humanoid.observer/robots/casbot-01/): CASBOT, prototype, 179 cm. CASBOT 01 is a 179 cm humanoid from Beijing startup CASBOT, spun out of the Chinese Academy of Sciences.
- [Cassie](https://humanoid.observer/robots/agility-cassie/): Agility Robotics, discontinued. Cassie was a legs-only bipedal robot derived from Oregon State University's ATRIAS research and sold by Agility Robotics to universities from 2017. Its ostrich-like legs became a common platform for reinforcement learning locomotion research. It set a 100 m record for bipedal robots in 2022.
- [Chery Mornine](https://humanoid.observer/robots/chery-mornine/): Chery, limited-production, 167 cm, USD 42200. Mornine is a showroom humanoid from Chery's AiMOGA robotics unit, deployed in Chery car dealerships from 2025 and exported to Malaysia.
- [Clone Alpha](https://humanoid.observer/robots/clone-alpha/): Clone Robotics, concept. Clone Alpha is the planned home android built on Clone Robotics' musculoskeletal technology, announced in December 2024 with a first batch of 279 preorder units. As of 2026 it remains a concept with no confirmed deliveries.
- [Cog](https://humanoid.observer/robots/cog/): Massachusetts Institute of Technology, retired. Cog was an upper body humanoid built at the MIT Artificial Intelligence Laboratory under Rodney Brooks from 1993 to 2003. It was designed to test the idea that intelligence requires a human like body and social interaction. Work on Cog and its sibling Kismet shaped the field of developmental and social robotics.
- [DARwIn-OP](https://humanoid.observer/robots/darwin-op/): Robotis, discontinued, 45.5 cm, USD 12000. DARwIn-OP (Dynamic Anthropomorphic Robot with Intelligence, Open Platform) is a 45 cm open hardware and open software humanoid developed by Virginia Tech's RoMeLa lab with Purdue, Penn and Robotis under a US National Science Foundation grant. Released in late 2010, it became the standard kid size platform in RoboCup and in university teaching. Robotis productised it and followed with OP2 and OP3.
- [Dataa Ginger (XR-1)](https://humanoid.observer/robots/dataa-ginger/): Dataa Robotics, discontinued. Ginger (XR-1) was the wheeled service humanoid of CloudMinds, later renamed Dataa Robotics, one of the earliest Chinese humanoids used commercially. Its cloud-brain approach predates the current wave.
- [Dexter](https://humanoid.observer/robots/dexter/): Anybots, retired. Dexter was a pneumatically actuated, dynamically balancing bipedal robot built by Anybots, a Silicon Valley startup founded by Trevor Blackwell. Its 2007 videos of a robot balancing and jumping without static walking were an early demonstration of learning based balance. Anybots later pivoted to telepresence robots.
- [Digit](https://humanoid.observer/robots/agility-digit-v4/): Agility Robotics, commercial, 175 cm. The 2023 Digit added a head, improved hands and a taller frame, and is the version Agility Robotics sells as a service for moving totes in warehouses. It was the first humanoid with a paid, multi-year commercial deployment (GXO, 2024) and is built at Agility's RoboFab factory. Schaeffler invested in Agility in 2024 and planned to deploy Digit in its plants.
- [Digit (v1 to v3)](https://humanoid.observer/robots/agility-digit/): Agility Robotics, retired, USD 250000. Digit added a torso, arms and perception to the Cassie legs and was first shown in February 2019. Ford bought the first two units in 2020 for last-mile delivery research, and v2 and v3 added better perception and hands-free manipulation of totes. These versions were superseded by the 2023 Digit.
- [Dobot Atom](https://humanoid.observer/robots/dobot-atom/): Dobot, commercial, 153 cm, USD 27500. Atom is the first humanoid from Dobot, a Shenzhen collaborative-robot maker listed in Hong Kong. It launched at CNY 199,000 with claims of 0.05 mm arm precision.
- [Draco 3](https://humanoid.observer/robots/draco-3/): University of Texas at Austin, research. Draco 3 is a lightweight bipedal humanoid developed by the Human Centered Robotics Lab at the University of Texas at Austin together with Apptronik. It uses liquid cooled viscoelastic actuators and a compact leg design for agile walking. The lab's collaboration with Apptronik links academic research to the Apollo commercial humanoid.
- [DRC-HUBO+](https://humanoid.observer/robots/drc-hubo/): KAIST, retired, 170 cm. DRC-HUBO+ from Team KAIST won the 2015 DARPA Robotics Challenge Finals and the USD 2 million prize, using a transformable design that kneels onto wheels for stable driving.
- [Elektro](https://humanoid.observer/robots/elektro/): Westinghouse Electric Corporation, retired, 210 cm. Elektro was a 2.1 meter aluminium humanoid built by Westinghouse for the 1939 New York World's Fair. It walked on rollers, spoke about 700 words played from records, blew up balloons and smoked cigarettes. It is the best known pre computer humanoid and shaped the popular image of the robot.
- [EngineAI PM01](https://humanoid.observer/robots/engineai-pm01/): EngineAI, commercial, 138 cm, USD 13700. PM01 is EngineAI's 1.38 m humanoid sold at CNY 88,000, with a design that includes a chest display. It was the first humanoid shown doing a standing front flip.
- [EngineAI SE01](https://humanoid.observer/robots/engineai-se01/): EngineAI, limited-production, 170 cm, USD 13000. SE01 is EngineAI's full-size humanoid whose natural walking gait drew attention in 2024. It is intended for industrial and commercial use.
- [EngineAI T800](https://humanoid.observer/robots/engineai-t800/): EngineAI, prototype, USD 40500. T800 is EngineAI's heavier-duty humanoid model announced in 2025 for industrial tasks.
- [ergoCub](https://humanoid.observer/robots/iit-ergocub/): Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, research, 150 cm. ergoCub is a 150 cm humanoid developed by IIT with the Italian workers' compensation institute INAIL to study collaborative robots that reduce physical strain in hospitals and factories. It was presented in April 2023 and builds on iCub technology.
- [EVE](https://humanoid.observer/robots/1x-eve/): 1X Technologies, discontinued, 186 cm. EVE was 1X's (formerly Halodi Robotics) wheeled humanoid, deployed in small numbers for security patrols and used to collect training data for the company's neural networks. It preceded the legged NEO family.
- [FEDOR (Skybot F-850)](https://humanoid.observer/robots/fedor-skybot-f-850/): Android Technics, retired, 180 cm. FEDOR was a Russian teleoperated humanoid developed by Android Technics and the Advanced Research Foundation that flew on Soyuz MS-14 to the ISS in August 2019, the first humanoid to ride a Soyuz.
- [Figure 01](https://humanoid.observer/robots/figure-01/): Figure AI, retired, 168 cm. Figure 01 was Figure AI's first humanoid, shown walking in October 2023 and demonstrated with OpenAI's vision-language model in March 2024. It was 168 cm tall, 60 kg, with a 20 kg payload and five-hour runtime. It established the company and led to the BMW agreement in January 2024.
- [Figure 02](https://humanoid.observer/robots/figure-02/): Figure AI, pilot, 168 cm. Figure 02, unveiled on 6 August 2024, added onboard speech, six cameras, 16 DoF hands and three times the compute of Figure 01. It became the first Figure robot to work in a customer plant, at BMW Spartanburg, and the platform for the Helix vision-language-action model. Figure retired it in favour of Figure 03 in late 2025.
- [Figure 03](https://humanoid.observer/robots/figure-03/): Figure AI, limited-production, 168 cm. Figure 03 is Figure AI's third-generation humanoid, unveiled on 9 October 2025 and designed for the home and for volume manufacturing at Figure's BotQ facility. It has soft textile coverings, wireless charging, palm cameras and tactile fingertips, and runs the Helix model onboard. It is the company's first robot designed for mass production rather than hand assembly.
- [Fourier GR-1](https://humanoid.observer/robots/fourier-gr-1/): Fourier, commercial, 165 cm. GR-1 was revealed at WAIC in July 2023 and entered production the same year, one of the first Chinese humanoids sold in volume to research labs. It grew out of Fourier's rehabilitation robotics business.
- [Fourier GR-2](https://humanoid.observer/robots/fourier-gr-2/): Fourier, commercial, 175 cm, USD 125000. GR-2 doubled the battery capacity of GR-1 with a swappable pack and added 12-DOF hands, for a total of 53 degrees of freedom. The payload figure refers to each arm.
- [Fourier GR-3](https://humanoid.observer/robots/fourier-gr-3/): Fourier, limited-production, 165 cm, USD 100000. GR-3 is Fourier's care-oriented humanoid with a soft, sensor-covered exterior and a rounded design meant for elder care and rehabilitation. It marks Fourier's move from research platforms to healthcare products.
- [Fourier N1](https://humanoid.observer/robots/fourier-n1/): Fourier, commercial, 130 cm, USD 40000. N1 is Fourier's open-source humanoid: the company published the bill of materials, CAD files, actuator specs and training code. It is 130 cm tall and aimed at developers and universities.
- [GAC GoMate](https://humanoid.observer/robots/gac-gomate/): GAC Group, prototype, 175 cm. GoMate is the humanoid of car maker GAC Group with a variable wheel-foot lower body that switches between two-wheel and four-wheel modes. GAC plans to use it in its own factories and 4S stores.
- [Galbot G1](https://humanoid.observer/robots/galbot-g1/): Galbot, commercial. Galbot G1 is a foldable wheeled humanoid with two arms that can reach both floor and 2.4 m shelves. It is the first humanoid to run retail stores commercially in China.
- [Grace](https://humanoid.observer/robots/grace-hanson/): Hanson Robotics, limited-production. Grace is a nurse-styled companion humanoid derived from Sophia, developed by Hanson Robotics and SingularityNET for elder care and hospitals.
- [HECTOR](https://humanoid.observer/robots/hector/): University of Southern California, research. HECTOR is a small open source humanoid developed by Quan Nguyen's Dynamic Robotics and Control Laboratory at the University of Southern California for research on model predictive control and learning based locomotion. Its simulation environment and designs are public. It is one of several university platforms built to make humanoid control research reproducible.
- [Hitachi EMIEW series](https://humanoid.observer/robots/hitachi-emiew/): Hitachi, discontinued, 90 cm. Hitachi's EMIEW robots were fast wheeled service humanoids: EMIEW (2005) was 130 cm and 6 km/h, EMIEW2 (2007) shrank to 80 cm, and EMIEW3 (2016) added cloud intelligence and airport trials.
- [Hiwonder Tonybot](https://humanoid.observer/robots/hiwonder-tonybot/): Hiwonder, commercial, USD 459. Tonybot is Hiwonder's entry-level Arduino humanoid kit, expandable with dot-matrix displays, buzzers and ultrasonic sensors. The cheapest functional build-it-yourself humanoid from an established supplier.
- [Hiwonder TonyPi Pro](https://humanoid.observer/robots/hiwonder-tonypi-pro/): Hiwonder, commercial, USD 789. TonyPi Pro is a Raspberry Pi 5 humanoid kit with 18 bus servos and a vision pipeline, used in classrooms and university courses for object tracking, face recognition and autonomous sorting. It is a teaching platform, not a machine that will do anything useful in a house.
- [HMND 01](https://humanoid.observer/robots/humanoid-hmnd-01/): Humanoid, prototype, 175 cm. HMND 01 is the humanoid from London startup Humanoid, founded in 2024 by Artem Sokolov. A wheeled version was revealed in May 2025 for logistics work and a third-generation bipedal version followed later in 2025. The company positions it as a lower-cost European alternative to US and Chinese humanoids.
- [Honda E series (E0 to E6)](https://humanoid.observer/robots/honda-e-series/): Honda, retired. Honda's E series were seven legged research machines developed in secret between 1986 and 1993, progressing from static to dynamic walking and stair climbing. They were revealed publicly only when P2 was announced in 1996.
- [Honda P2](https://humanoid.observer/robots/honda-p2/): Honda, retired, 182 cm. P2 was the first humanoid to carry its own power and computing while walking, an achievement that surprised the robotics community when Honda revealed it in December 1996.
- [Honda P3](https://humanoid.observer/robots/honda-p3/): Honda, retired, 160 cm. P3 reduced P2's size and weight to 160 cm and 130 kg and became the basis of the Japanese government's HRP-1 platform.
- [HopeJR](https://humanoid.observer/robots/hugging-face-hopejr/): Hugging Face, limited-production, USD 3000. HopeJR is a low-cost open-source humanoid announced by Hugging Face with The Robot Studio in May 2025, with 66 degrees of freedom and a target price of about USD 3,000. It is aimed at hobbyists and researchers using Hugging Face's LeRobot library.
- [HRP-2 Promet](https://humanoid.observer/robots/hrp-2/): AIST (National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology), retired, 154 cm. HRP-2, designed with Kawada Industries and styled by anime designer Yutaka Izubuchi, was the workhorse humanoid of the Japanese Humanoid Robotics Project and of labs such as LAAS-CNRS.
- [HRP-3 Promet Mk-II](https://humanoid.observer/robots/hrp-3/): AIST (National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology), retired, 161 cm. HRP-3 extended the HRP line with weather resistance and tool use, targeting construction and outdoor tasks.
- [HRP-4](https://humanoid.observer/robots/hrp-4/): AIST (National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology), retired, 151 cm. HRP-4 was a lightweight 39 kg humanoid developed by AIST and Kawada as an affordable research platform.
- [HRP-4C Miim](https://humanoid.observer/robots/hrp-4c/): AIST (National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology), retired, 158 cm. HRP-4C, nicknamed Miim, was built by AIST with the average proportions of a young Japanese woman and became known for singing and catwalk demonstrations.
- [HRP-5P](https://humanoid.observer/robots/hrp-5p/): AIST (National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology), research, 182 cm. HRP-5P is AIST's construction-oriented humanoid that demonstrated autonomous drywall installation in 2018, aimed at labour shortages in Japanese building sites.
- [HumanPlus](https://humanoid.observer/robots/humanplus/): Stanford University, research. HumanPlus is a Stanford research system in which a Unitree H1 humanoid with added hands learns from human motion data and then shadows a human operator seen by a single camera. Demonstrations collected this way are used to train autonomous skills such as putting on shoes and folding clothes. The code and hardware modifications are open source.
- [iCub](https://humanoid.observer/robots/iit-icub/): Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, research, 104 cm. iCub is the open-source child-sized humanoid developed by the Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia in Genoa from the EU RobotCub project (2004 to 2010). With 53 DoF and full-body tactile skin, it became a standard platform for cognitive robotics research, with dozens of units in labs worldwide. iCub3, a larger 125 cm version, was introduced in 2021.
- [InMoov](https://humanoid.observer/robots/inmoov/): InMoov (Gael Langevin), research. InMoov is a life size, 3D printable open source humanoid started in 2012 by French sculptor Gael Langevin. Its upper body, hands and head can be printed on a desktop printer and driven by hobby servos and Arduino boards. It is the most widely built open source humanoid and a common school and maker project.
- [K-Bot](https://humanoid.observer/robots/k-scale-k-bot/): K-Scale Labs, limited-production. K-Bot is the open-source full-size humanoid from K-Scale Labs, a Palo Alto startup founded in 2024 by Benjamin Bolte. It is sold as a developer platform with published hardware and software and is intended to seed an open humanoid ecosystem.
- [KAIST HUBO (KHR-3)](https://humanoid.observer/robots/kaist-hubo/): KAIST, retired, 125 cm. HUBO, built by Oh Jun-Ho's lab at KAIST in 2004, was South Korea's first walking humanoid. The Albert HUBO version paired it with a Hanson Robotics Einstein head.
- [Kangaroo](https://humanoid.observer/robots/pal-kangaroo/): PAL Robotics, research. Kangaroo is a PAL Robotics research biped designed for dynamic jumping and running, with actuators kept near the hips to lower leg inertia. It was shown from 2021 and is used for locomotion research.
- [Kawada NEXTAGE](https://humanoid.observer/robots/kawada-nextage/): Kawada Robotics, commercial. NEXTAGE is a humanoid-style dual-arm industrial robot from Kawada that works alongside people on assembly lines, one of the earliest humanoids used in production.
- [Kawasaki Friends](https://humanoid.observer/robots/kawasaki-friends/): Kawasaki Heavy Industries, prototype. Friends is a smaller humanoid from Kawasaki's Robust Humanoid Platform program, intended for work near people such as care and light service.
- [Kawasaki Kaleido](https://humanoid.observer/robots/kawasaki-kaleido/): Kawasaki Heavy Industries, prototype, 180 cm. Kaleido is Kawasaki Heavy Industries' full-size humanoid program, shown in successive versions at the iREX trade fair since 2017 and built with industrial-grade components to survive falls.
- [Keenon XMAN-R1](https://humanoid.observer/robots/keenon-xman-r1/): Keenon Robotics, limited-production. XMAN-R1 is the first humanoid from Keenon Robotics, the Shanghai delivery-robot maker, built on its wheeled service platform.
- [Kepler Forerunner K1](https://humanoid.observer/robots/kepler-k1/): Kepler Robotics, discontinued, 178 cm, USD 30000. Forerunner K1 was Shanghai startup Kepler's first humanoid, shown at CES 2024 with a stated USD 30,000 target price and roller-screw linear actuators similar in concept to Tesla Optimus.
- [Kepler K2 Bumblebee](https://humanoid.observer/robots/kepler-k2-bumblebee/): Kepler Robotics, pilot, 178 cm. K2 Bumblebee is Kepler's production-intent industrial humanoid with 52 degrees of freedom, a 30 kg payload and an 8-hour battery claim.
- [Kondo KHR-3HV](https://humanoid.observer/robots/kondo-khr-3hv/): Kondo Kagaku, commercial, 40 cm, USD 1500. The Kondo KHR series, starting with KHR-1 in 2004, made bipedal humanoids affordable for hobbyists and schools. KHR-3HV is the long-running current model.
- [Leju Kuavo](https://humanoid.observer/robots/leju-kuavo/): Leju Robotics, commercial. Kuavo is the humanoid line of Leju Robotics, a Shenzhen company in the Huawei ecosystem. Kuavo 4.0 was released with open-source components in December 2024.
- [LEONARDO](https://humanoid.observer/robots/leonardo/): California Institute of Technology, research, 75 cm. LEONARDO (LEgs ONboARD drOne) is a 75 cm, 2.6 kg bipedal robot from Caltech that combines walking legs with four thrusters so it can walk, fly and do hybrid manoeuvres. It was presented in Science Robotics in October 2021 walking a slackline and riding a skateboard. It is a research platform, not a general purpose humanoid.
- [LimX CL-1](https://humanoid.observer/robots/limx-cl-1/): LimX Dynamics, prototype. CL-1 was LimX Dynamics' first humanoid, notable for early perception-driven stair climbing. It served as the precursor to the Oli product.
- [LimX Oli](https://humanoid.observer/robots/limx-oli/): LimX Dynamics, commercial, 165 cm. Oli is LimX Dynamics' full-size humanoid product with a modular design intended for research and development customers.
- [LimX TRON 1](https://humanoid.observer/robots/limx-tron-1/): LimX Dynamics, commercial, 85 cm, USD 15000. TRON 1 is a legs-only biped research platform whose feet can be swapped between point, flat and wheeled configurations. It is one of the lower-cost legged research robots.
- [MagicLab MagicBot](https://humanoid.observer/robots/magiclab-magicbot/): MagicLab, pilot, 174 cm. MagicBot is the full-size humanoid of MagicLab, a Suzhou company incubated by vacuum maker Dreame. It targets factory and commercial tasks.
- [MagicLab MagicBot Z1](https://humanoid.observer/robots/magiclab-z1/): MagicLab, commercial. MagicBot Z1 is MagicLab's smaller humanoid aimed at the research and education market.
- [Menteebot](https://humanoid.observer/robots/mentee-menteebot/): Mentee Robotics, pilot, 175 cm. Menteebot is the humanoid from Israeli startup Mentee Robotics, founded in 2022 by Amnon Shashua, Lior Wolf and Shai Shalev-Shwartz. First shown in April 2024, the production-intent V3 revealed in January 2025 is 175 cm, 70 kg with a 25 kg payload and five-hour battery.
- [Midea humanoid](https://humanoid.observer/robots/midea-humanoid/): Midea Group, pilot. Appliance maker Midea, owner of KUKA, revealed its own humanoid in March 2025 and began using it in its Jingzhou factory two months later.
- [Mirokai](https://humanoid.observer/robots/enchanted-tools-mirokai/): Enchanted Tools, pilot. Mirokai (Miroki and Miroka) are animated-character service robots from Paris startup Enchanted Tools, founded in 2021 by Aldebaran co-founder Jerome Monceaux. They balance on a single ball, have arms for light fetching tasks and were piloted in hospitals in France.
- [MIT Humanoid](https://humanoid.observer/robots/mit-humanoid/): Massachusetts Institute of Technology, research. The MIT Humanoid is a small, high power bipedal robot from Sangbae Kim's Biomimetic Robotics Lab, built around the proprioceptive actuators of the MIT Cheetah quadrupeds. It was designed for dynamic and acrobatic behaviour such as jumping and flipping. It has served as a testbed for learning based locomotion.
- [Nadia](https://humanoid.observer/robots/ihmc-nadia/): Florida Institute for Human and Machine Cognition, research. Nadia is a humanoid developed by the Florida Institute for Human and Machine Cognition with Boardwalk Robotics for research in whole-body teleoperation and dynamic walking. It follows IHMC's long involvement with Atlas and Valkyrie in the DARPA Robotics Challenge.
- [NAO](https://humanoid.observer/robots/aldebaran-nao/): Aldebaran, commercial, 58 cm. NAO is a 58 cm programmable humanoid from Aldebaran, first sold in 2008 and adopted as the RoboCup standard platform. It is the most widely distributed humanoid in education and research with over 13,000 units. The current NAO6 dates from 2018.
- [Naver Labs AMBIDEX](https://humanoid.observer/robots/naver-ambidex/): Naver Labs, research. AMBIDEX is Naver Labs' lightweight cable-driven dual-arm robot designed to be safe around people, used for 5G brainless-robot experiments and manipulation research.
- [NEO](https://humanoid.observer/robots/1x-neo/): 1X Technologies, limited-production, 165 cm, USD 20000. NEO is 1X's consumer home humanoid, opened for preorder on 28 October 2025 at USD 20,000 with deliveries planned for 2026. It is about 30 kg, tendon-driven and wears a soft suit, and it uses remote human operators for tasks it cannot yet do autonomously. It is the first humanoid marketed directly to households at a published price.
- [NEO Beta](https://humanoid.observer/robots/1x-neo-beta/): 1X Technologies, prototype, 165 cm. NEO Beta was the first bipedal home humanoid 1X showed, in August 2024, using tendon-driven actuation to keep the robot light and safe around people. It was followed by NEO Gamma in February 2025 and the consumer NEO in October 2025.
- [NEO Gamma](https://humanoid.observer/robots/1x-neo-gamma/): 1X Technologies, prototype, 165 cm. NEO Gamma, revealed in February 2025, added a soft knit suit, quieter actuators and an onboard visual manipulation model for early home testing. It was the direct predecessor of the NEO consumer product.
- [NimbRo-OP2X](https://humanoid.observer/robots/nimbro-op2x/): University of Bonn, research, 135 cm. NimbRo-OP2X is an open source, largely 3D printed, adult size humanoid from the Autonomous Intelligent Systems group at the University of Bonn led by Sven Behnke. It is the third generation of the NimbRo-OP line that started in 2012 and has won multiple RoboCup Humanoid League adult size titles. Hardware designs and software are public.
- [Noetix Bumi](https://humanoid.observer/robots/noetix-bumi/): Noetix Robotics, commercial, 94 cm, USD 1400. Bumi is a 94 cm, 12 kg humanoid priced under CNY 10,000, positioned by Noetix as a consumer and education robot.
- [Noetix Hobbs](https://humanoid.observer/robots/noetix-hobbs/): Noetix Robotics, prototype. Hobbs is a Noetix humanoid with an expressive bionic face, shown as a research and interaction platform in 2025.
- [Noetix N2](https://humanoid.observer/robots/noetix-n2/): Noetix Robotics, commercial, 120 cm, USD 5500. N2 is a 1.2 m humanoid from Beijing startup Noetix priced at CNY 39,900, which placed second at the first humanoid half marathon in April 2025.
- [Optimus (Bumblebee prototype)](https://humanoid.observer/robots/tesla-optimus-bumblebee/): Tesla, retired. Bumblebee was the first physical Tesla humanoid, built in about six months after the 2021 Tesla Bot announcement using off-the-shelf parts. It walked on stage at AI Day on 30 September 2022 and was shown moving boxes in a video. It was a stepping stone toward the Tesla-designed Optimus Gen 1 shown the same day.
- [Optimus Gen 1](https://humanoid.observer/robots/tesla-optimus-gen-1/): Tesla, retired, 173 cm. Optimus Gen 1 was the first Tesla-designed humanoid, unveiled at AI Day 2022 with 28 actuators, an 11 DoF hand and a 2.3 kWh battery. It first walked untethered in videos in March and May 2023. Tesla positioned it as a product to be built at scale using its car-manufacturing know-how.
- [Optimus Gen 2](https://humanoid.observer/robots/tesla-optimus-gen-2/): Tesla, pilot, 173 cm. Optimus Gen 2, revealed on 12 December 2023, is about 10 kg lighter than Gen 1, walks 30 percent faster and has Tesla-designed actuators, an actuated neck and tactile fingers. It has been used for internal factory trials and at Tesla marketing events, where it was partly teleoperated. It is the version the public has seen most.
- [Optimus V3](https://humanoid.observer/robots/tesla-optimus-v3/): Tesla, prototype. Optimus V3 is the version Tesla describes as production-intent, with a new 22 DoF hand and forearm and a factory line in Fremont planned for 2026. Musk has repeatedly said V3 would be unveiled in early 2026 and that volume production is targeted for later in the decade. Tesla has stated a long-term ambition of one million units per year.
- [Pepper](https://humanoid.observer/robots/softbank-pepper/): SoftBank Robotics, discontinued, 120 cm. Pepper is a 120 cm wheeled humanoid designed by Aldebaran for SoftBank and launched in June 2014 as a social robot for shops, banks and homes. About 27,000 were built before production paused in 2020. It is the most widely deployed social humanoid to date.
- [Persona AI industrial humanoid](https://humanoid.observer/robots/persona-ai-humanoid/): Persona AI, prototype. Persona AI, founded in Houston in 2024 by NASA Valkyrie and Nauticus veteran Nic Radford with Jerry Pratt (ex IHMC), is building a ruggedised humanoid for shipyards and other harsh industrial sites. It announced a development partnership with HD Hyundai's shipbuilding arms in 2025 for welding tasks.
- [PETMAN](https://humanoid.observer/robots/boston-dynamics-petman/): Boston Dynamics, retired, 180 cm. PETMAN was a hydraulic, tethered humanoid built by Boston Dynamics for the US Department of Defense to test chemical protection suits by walking, crouching and sweating. Videos in 2011 and 2013 showed it walking on a treadmill and doing push-ups. Its anthropomorphic legs and balance work fed directly into the first Atlas.
- [Phantom](https://humanoid.observer/robots/foundation-phantom/): Foundation Robotics Labs, prototype. Phantom is the humanoid from San Francisco startup Foundation Robotics Labs, founded in 2024 by Sankaet Pathak and Mike LeBlanc. The company targets industrial and defense customers and has shown prototypes performing teleoperated and semi-autonomous tasks.
- [Phoenix](https://humanoid.observer/robots/sanctuary-phoenix/): Sanctuary AI, pilot, 170 cm. Phoenix is Sanctuary AI's general-purpose humanoid, first shown as Gen 6 in May 2023 and iterated to Gen 7 in April 2024 and Gen 8 in 2025. Its distinguishing feature is fast, miniaturised hydraulic hands with tactile sensing. Sanctuary has a manufacturing and deployment partnership with Magna.
- [PNDbotics Adam](https://humanoid.observer/robots/pndbotics-adam/): PNDbotics, commercial, 160 cm. Adam is a full-size research humanoid from Beijing startup PNDbotics, noted for its natural walking gait and use in imitation-learning research.
- [Poppy Humanoid](https://humanoid.observer/robots/poppy-humanoid/): Inria, research, 83 cm. Poppy Humanoid is an 83 cm, 3D printed open source humanoid developed at the Inria Flowers team in Bordeaux by Matthieu Lapeyre and Pierre-Yves Oudeyer. It was created to study the role of body morphology in walking and became an education and art platform. Designs and the pypot software are fully open.
- [Protoclone](https://humanoid.observer/robots/clone-protoclone/): Clone Robotics, prototype. Protoclone is Clone Robotics' faceless musculoskeletal android with over 1,000 artificial muscle fibres, a synthetic skeleton and around 500 sensors. A video in February 2025 showed it twitching while suspended. It is the technology demonstrator for the planned Clone Alpha.
- [Pudu D7](https://humanoid.observer/robots/pudu-d7/): Pudu Robotics, limited-production, 165 cm. D7 is a wheeled humanoid from Pudu with two 7-DOF arms and an 8-hour battery, aimed at hospitality and light logistics.
- [Pudu D9](https://humanoid.observer/robots/pudu-d9/): Pudu Robotics, prototype, 170 cm. D9 is Pudu Robotics' first bipedal humanoid, 170 cm tall with 42 degrees of freedom and a claimed 20 kg payload.
- [Qinglong (OpenLoong)](https://humanoid.observer/robots/qinglong/): Humanoid Robots (Shanghai) Co, commercial, 185 cm. Qinglong is the 185 cm open-source humanoid of the Shanghai national humanoid robot innovation center, released as the OpenLoong platform at WAIC 2024.
- [Rainbow Robotics HUBO2](https://humanoid.observer/robots/rainbow-hubo2/): Rainbow Robotics, discontinued, 130 cm, USD 400000. HUBO2 was the lighter, faster successor to the original HUBO and the first product of Rainbow Robotics, the KAIST spin-out founded in 2011. Several units went to US universities.
- [Rainbow Robotics RB-Y1](https://humanoid.observer/robots/rainbow-rb-y1/): Rainbow Robotics, commercial. RB-Y1 is a wheeled two-armed humanoid platform from Rainbow Robotics with 7-DOF arms and a 6-DOF torso, aimed at embodied AI research.
- [Reachy 2](https://humanoid.observer/robots/pollen-reachy-2/): Pollen Robotics, commercial, USD 70000. Reachy 2 is an open-source humanoid with two arms, an expressive head and a mobile base from Pollen Robotics of Bordeaux, designed for VR teleoperation and AI research. Hugging Face acquired Pollen in April 2025 and sells Reachy 2 alongside its LeRobot software.
- [Reachy Mini](https://humanoid.observer/robots/reachy-mini/): Pollen Robotics, commercial, 28 cm, USD 299. Reachy Mini is a desktop-size expressive robot head and torso from Pollen Robotics, now part of Hugging Face. It is not a walking humanoid, it is the cheapest legitimate way to start building with the open embodied-AI stack that runs on its full-size sibling Reachy 2.
- [REEM](https://humanoid.observer/robots/pal-reem/): PAL Robotics, discontinued, 170 cm. REEM was PAL Robotics' wheeled humanoid service robot, launched in 2010 for guiding and information tasks in public spaces. It was PAL's first commercial humanoid product.
- [REEM-A](https://humanoid.observer/robots/pal-reem-a/): PAL Robotics, retired. REEM-A was PAL Robotics' first humanoid, completed in 2005 in Barcelona as a bipedal robot that could walk and play chess. It established PAL as Europe's earliest commercial humanoid maker.
- [REEM-B](https://humanoid.observer/robots/pal-reem-b/): PAL Robotics, retired, 147 cm. REEM-B, unveiled in 2008, was PAL Robotics' second biped, able to walk, climb stairs, recognise objects and carry 12 kg. It bridged the research REEM-A and the commercial wheeled REEM.
- [REEM-C](https://humanoid.observer/robots/pal-reem-c/): PAL Robotics, commercial, 165 cm. REEM-C, launched in 2013, is a full-size bipedal research platform from PAL Robotics with 44 degrees of freedom and ROS support, sold to universities and labs. It was Spain's first commercial full-body biped.
- [Reflex](https://humanoid.observer/robots/reflex-robotics-reflex/): Reflex Robotics, prototype. Reflex Robotics, based in New York, builds a low-cost wheeled humanoid with a torso and two arms that is teleoperated by default and learns autonomy from that data. It was shown at Nvidia GTC in 2025.
- [Robbyant R1](https://humanoid.observer/robots/robbyant-r1/): Ant Group (Robbyant), prototype. R1 is the first humanoid from Robbyant, the embodied-AI subsidiary of Ant Group, shown cooking at the Inclusion Conference in Shanghai in September 2025.
- [RoBee](https://humanoid.observer/robots/oversonic-robee/): Oversonic Robotics, commercial. RoBee is a wheeled cognitive humanoid from Oversonic Robotics of Besana in Brianza, Italy, launched in 2021 for repetitive industrial tasks and later for hospital use. Oversonic says it is the first humanoid built and certified in Italy for industrial use.
- [Robody](https://humanoid.observer/robots/devanthro-robody/): Devanthro, pilot. Robody is Devanthro's wheeled humanoid avatar that lets remote caregivers be present in nursing homes through VR teleoperation. Devanthro, based in Munich, spun the concept out of the Roboy research project.
- [Robonaut 2](https://humanoid.observer/robots/nasa-robonaut-2/): NASA (Johnson Space Center), retired. Robonaut 2 was developed by NASA and General Motors and became the first humanoid robot in space when it launched to the ISS in February 2011. A leg set arrived in 2014 but hardware faults limited its use and it returned to Earth in 2018. Its dexterous hands influenced later industrial humanoids.
- [Robosen K1 Pro](https://humanoid.observer/robots/robosen-k1-pro/): Robosen Robotics, commercial, USD 299. The K1 Pro is a programmable walking toy robot with 17 servos and app-based coding. It is the cheapest thing in this catalogue that walks on two legs unaided, and it is a toy, sold as one.
- [Robotera L7](https://humanoid.observer/robots/robotera-l7/): Robotera, limited-production, 171 cm. L7 is Robotera's 2025 flagship, a 171 cm humanoid with 55 degrees of freedom that runs at about 4 m/s.
- [Robotera Q5](https://humanoid.observer/robots/robotera-q5/): Robotera, commercial, USD 63000. Q5 is Robotera's compact wheeled service humanoid for commercial interaction and education settings.
- [Robotera Star1](https://humanoid.observer/robots/robotera-star1/): Robotera, commercial, 171 cm. Star1 is the first humanoid from Tsinghua spin-out Robotera, shown running at 3.6 m/s in the Gobi desert in 2024.
- [RoboThespian](https://humanoid.observer/robots/engineered-arts-robothespian/): Engineered Arts, commercial. RoboThespian is Engineered Arts' life-size performing humanoid, produced since 2005 and installed in science centres and museums worldwide. It is a static-base robot for presentation, telepresence and entertainment rather than for walking or work.
- [ROBOTIS MINI](https://humanoid.observer/robots/robotis-mini/): Robotis, commercial, 27 cm, USD 539. ROBOTIS MINI is a 27 cm desktop humanoid built on DYNAMIXEL servos, controlled with block coding or Python. A safe, durable first robot for schools, and the smallest member of the family that runs up to the full-size OP3.
- [ROBOTIS OP3](https://humanoid.observer/robots/robotis-op3/): Robotis, commercial, 51 cm. ROBOTIS OP3 is the third generation of the open platform humanoid line that started with DARwIn-OP. It is a 51 cm, 3.5 kg kid size research robot with 20 degrees of freedom, an Intel NUC and a ROS based open source software stack. It is used in RoboCup and in teaching labs worldwide.
- [Roboy](https://humanoid.observer/robots/devanthro-roboy/): Devanthro, research. Roboy was created at the University of Zurich's AI Lab in 2013 as a tendon-driven humanoid mimicking human musculature, and later developed at TU Munich as Roboy 2.0 and 3.0. It is the research origin of Devanthro's Robody telepresence robots.
- [Rollin' Justin](https://humanoid.observer/robots/dlr-rollin-justin/): German Aerospace Center (DLR), Institute of Robotics and Mechatronics, research. Rollin' Justin is DLR's wheeled humanoid with two lightweight torque-controlled arms and dexterous hands, developed from 2008 for manipulation research and later commanded from the International Space Station in supervised-autonomy experiments.
- [Romeo](https://humanoid.observer/robots/aldebaran-romeo/): Aldebaran, discontinued, 140 cm. Romeo was a 140 cm humanoid developed by Aldebaran with French research partners from 2009 as an assistant for elderly people. Prototypes were shown in 2014 but the project did not become a product.
- [SCHAFT S-One](https://humanoid.observer/robots/schaft-s-one/): SCHAFT, retired, 148 cm. S-One was the humanoid of University of Tokyo spin-out SCHAFT, acquired by Google in 2013, which won the DARPA Robotics Challenge Trials. A later bipedal prototype was shown in 2016 before Alphabet shut the company in 2018.
- [Sony QRIO](https://humanoid.observer/robots/sony-qrio/): Sony, discontinued, 58 cm. QRIO was Sony's 58 cm entertainment humanoid that became the first bipedal robot to run in 2003. Sony cancelled it in 2006 during restructuring.
- [Sophia](https://humanoid.observer/robots/sophia/): Hanson Robotics, commercial. Sophia is the expressive-face humanoid from Hong Kong's Hanson Robotics, activated in February 2016. It became the first robot granted citizenship (Saudi Arabia, October 2017) and is mainly a media and conference presence.
- [TALOS](https://humanoid.observer/robots/pal-talos/): PAL Robotics, commercial, 175 cm. TALOS is PAL Robotics' torque-controlled research humanoid launched in 2017, 175 cm tall and 95 kg with 32 DoF and 6 kg payload per arm. The first unit, named Pyrene, went to LAAS-CNRS in Toulouse. It is used for whole-body control research in Europe.
- [THORMANG3](https://humanoid.observer/robots/thormang3/): Robotis, discontinued, 137 cm. THORMANG3 is a modular full size humanoid built by Robotis from its Dynamixel Pro actuators and released in 2015 for research teams, including at the DARPA Robotics Challenge finals. It runs an open source ROS framework and was sold to universities worldwide. It represents the DRC era of modular research humanoids.
- [Tiangong 1.0](https://humanoid.observer/robots/tiangong/): X-Humanoid (Beijing Humanoid Robot Innovation Center), commercial, 163 cm. Tiangong was presented as the first full-size electric humanoid able to run, and released as an open platform by the Beijing Humanoid Robot Innovation Center in April 2024.
- [Tiangong 2.0](https://humanoid.observer/robots/tiangong-2/): X-Humanoid (Beijing Humanoid Robot Innovation Center), commercial. Tiangong 2.0 is the 2025 update of the Beijing open humanoid platform, released together with the Huisi Kaiwu software stack.
- [Tiangong Ultra](https://humanoid.observer/robots/tiangong-ultra/): X-Humanoid (Beijing Humanoid Robot Innovation Center), prototype, 180 cm. Tiangong Ultra is the athletic version of Tiangong that won the world's first humanoid half marathon in Beijing in April 2025, then took track medals at the August 2025 World Humanoid Robot Games.
- [Tien Kung Xingzhe](https://humanoid.observer/robots/tien-kung-xingzhe/): UBTech Robotics, commercial, 170 cm. Tien Kung Xingzhe combines the lower body of X-Humanoid's Tiangong with UBTech's upper body for the scientific research market. It launched in March 2025 at a list price of about CNY 299,000.
- [Tmsuk Kiyomori](https://humanoid.observer/robots/tmsuk-kiyomori/): Tmsuk, retired, 160 cm. Kiyomori was a humanoid in samurai armour built by Tmsuk and Waseda's Takanishi lab on the WL-16 parallel-link walking legs, shown in 2005 and 2006.
- [ToddlerBot](https://humanoid.observer/robots/toddlerbot/): Stanford University, research, 56 cm, USD 6000. ToddlerBot is a 56 cm, 3.4 kg open source humanoid from Stanford University designed as a low cost platform for machine learning research on locomotion and manipulation. It has 30 degrees of freedom, is built from 3D printed parts and Dynamixel servos, and includes a full simulation and teleoperation pipeline. Everything needed to build it is public.
- [TORO](https://humanoid.observer/robots/dlr-toro/): German Aerospace Center (DLR), Institute of Robotics and Mechatronics, research, 174 cm. TORO is the torque-controlled humanoid of the German Aerospace Center's Institute of Robotics and Mechatronics, built in 2013 from its lightweight robot arm technology. It is used for research on whole-body torque control and multi-contact walking.
- [Toyota CUE](https://humanoid.observer/robots/toyota-cue/): Toyota (incl. Toyota Research Institute), retired, 210 cm. CUE is a series of basketball-shooting humanoids built by a Toyota volunteer engineering team, with Guinness records for free throws and the longest robot shot.
- [Toyota Research Institute Punyo](https://humanoid.observer/robots/toyota-punyo/): Toyota (incl. Toyota Research Institute), research. Punyo is a TRI research platform that covers a humanoid upper body in soft, sensor-filled bubbles to study whole-body manipulation using contact with the arms and chest.
- [Toyota T-HR3](https://humanoid.observer/robots/toyota-t-hr3/): Toyota (incl. Toyota Research Institute), research, 154 cm. T-HR3 is Toyota's third-generation humanoid, a teleoperated avatar with torque-controlled joints that mirrors an operator's movements. It was demonstrated over 5G and at the Tokyo Olympics.
- [UBTech Alpha series](https://humanoid.observer/robots/ubtech-alpha/): UBTech Robotics, commercial, 40 cm, USD 499. The Alpha series of 40 cm hobby humanoids built UBTech's early business and funded its later full-size Walker program. Alpha 1S robots performed on the 2016 Spring Festival Gala.
- [UBTech Walker (2018 and 2019)](https://humanoid.observer/robots/ubtech-walker/): UBTech Robotics, retired, 145 cm. Walker was UBTech's first full-size humanoid. The CES 2018 version had legs and a torso screen but no arms; the CES 2019 version added arms and hands with 36 degrees of freedom.
- [UBTech Walker C](https://humanoid.observer/robots/ubtech-walker-c/): UBTech Robotics, limited-production. Walker C is a UBTech humanoid aimed at commercial service settings such as reception and exhibitions rather than factories.
- [UBTech Walker S](https://humanoid.observer/robots/ubtech-walker-s/): UBTech Robotics, pilot. Walker S was the first industrial version of the Walker line, unveiled on UBTech's Hong Kong listing day in December 2023. It was the first Chinese humanoid to enter a car factory training program (NIO, February 2024).
- [UBTech Walker S1](https://humanoid.observer/robots/ubtech-walker-s1/): UBTech Robotics, limited-production, 172 cm. Walker S1 is the 2024 industrial humanoid that UBTech placed in several Chinese car and electronics plants. It is 172 cm tall, carries up to 15 kg and works with AMRs for material handling.
- [UBTech Walker S2](https://humanoid.observer/robots/ubtech-walker-s2/): UBTech Robotics, commercial, 176 cm, USD 68000. Walker S2 is UBTech's 2025 industrial humanoid and the first to swap its own battery, allowing round-the-clock operation. It has 52 degrees of freedom and is the product behind UBTech's large 2025 order announcements.
- [UBTech Walker X](https://humanoid.observer/robots/ubtech-walker-x/): UBTech Robotics, discontinued, 130 cm. Walker X was UBTech's 2021 service humanoid with 41 degrees of freedom and a 3 km/h walking speed. It served as a guide robot at the China pavilion of Expo 2020 Dubai.
- [Unitree G1](https://humanoid.observer/robots/unitree-g1/): Unitree Robotics, commercial, 132 cm, USD 13500. G1 is Unitree's compact humanoid, announced in May 2024 at USD 16,000 and now listed at USD 13,500. Its low price and open SDK made it the default research and education humanoid worldwide. Read the configuration carefully: the standard machine does not support your own code, and the EDU version that does starts at USD 43,900.
- [Unitree H1](https://humanoid.observer/robots/unitree-h1/): Unitree Robotics, commercial, 180 cm, USD 90000. H1 is Unitree's first full-size humanoid, revealed in August 2023. It set a walking speed of 3.3 m/s and performed the first standing backflip by a full-size electric humanoid in March 2024. Sixteen H1 units danced on the CCTV Spring Festival Gala in January 2025.
- [Unitree H1-2](https://humanoid.observer/robots/unitree-h1-2/): Unitree Robotics, commercial, 180 cm. H1-2 is the second iteration of the full-size H1 line with 27 degrees of freedom (six per leg, seven per arm, one waist joint) and support for dexterous hands. It is mainly a research platform.
- [Unitree H2](https://humanoid.observer/robots/unitree-h2/): Unitree Robotics, limited-production, 180 cm, USD 29900. H2 is Unitree's third full-size humanoid, revealed in October 2025 with 31 degrees of freedom, 180 cm height and 70 kg weight. It is positioned as a general-purpose and entertainment platform.
- [Unitree R1](https://humanoid.observer/robots/unitree-r1/): Unitree Robotics, commercial, 121 cm, USD 4900. R1 is Unitree's low-cost humanoid, launched in July 2025 at CNY 39,900. At roughly a third of the G1 price it pushed the entry price for a walking humanoid below USD 6,000.
- [Valkyrie](https://humanoid.observer/robots/nasa-valkyrie/): NASA (Johnson Space Center), research, 188 cm. Valkyrie (R5) is NASA Johnson Space Center's electric humanoid, built in 2013 for the DARPA Robotics Challenge and later loaned to universities and to Woodside Energy for remote-operation research. Several Apptronik founders worked on it. It remains a research platform.
- [VinMotion humanoid](https://humanoid.observer/robots/vinmotion-humanoid/): VinMotion, prototype. VinMotion is the humanoid robotics company of Vietnam's Vingroup, set up in January 2025 to build robots for VinFast factories and services.
- [WABIAN-2R](https://humanoid.observer/robots/wabian-2r/): Waseda University, retired, 150 cm. WABIAN (WAseda BIpedal humANoid) is Waseda's series of walking research humanoids started in 1996. WABIAN-2R, 150 cm and 64 kg with 41 DOF, was used to study human-like gait.
- [WABOT-1](https://humanoid.observer/robots/wabot-1/): Waseda University, retired. WABOT-1, built by Ichiro Kato's group at Waseda University between 1970 and 1973, is generally considered the world's first full-scale humanoid robot, combining walking, manipulation, vision and speech.
- [WABOT-2](https://humanoid.observer/robots/wabot-2/): Waseda University, retired. WABOT-2 was Waseda's specialist musician robot, able to read a score and play a keyboard, presented at the 1985 Tsukuba science expo.
- [WALK-MAN](https://humanoid.observer/robots/iit-walk-man/): Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, retired, 185 cm. WALK-MAN was a large humanoid built by IIT with the University of Pisa and partners under an EU project for disaster response, and it competed in the 2015 DARPA Robotics Challenge finals. The project produced a second, lighter version in 2017.
- [Weave Isaac 1](https://humanoid.observer/robots/weave-isaac-1/): Weave Robotics, limited-production, 167 cm, USD 7999. Isaac 1 is a wheeled home robot with two arms that collects and folds laundry, makes beds and resets rooms. At $7,999 it is the cheapest home robot with a stated delivery date, and the wheeled base is the reason: no legs means far less cost and far less that can go wrong.
- [Xiaomi CyberOne](https://humanoid.observer/robots/xiaomi-cyberone/): Xiaomi, research, 177 cm. CyberOne was Xiaomi's first full-size humanoid, revealed by Lei Jun in August 2022. It remained a research prototype.
- [Xpeng Iron](https://humanoid.observer/robots/xpeng-iron/): Xpeng, prototype, 178 cm. Iron is Xpeng's full-size humanoid, first shown in November 2024 working in its Guangzhou car plant. The 2025 version adds 82 degrees of freedom, a bionic spine, solid-state battery and Xpeng's own Turing chips, with mass production planned for late 2026.
- [Xpeng PX5](https://humanoid.observer/robots/xpeng-px5/): Xpeng, discontinued. PX5 was Xpeng's first bipedal humanoid, shown at Tech Day in October 2023 as part of its robotics program alongside the Xpeng flying car.
- [Yogi](https://humanoid.observer/robots/cartwheel-yogi/): Cartwheel Robotics, prototype. Yogi is a child-sized companion humanoid from Cartwheel Robotics, founded by former Disney and Boston Dynamics engineer Scott LaValley. It emphasises character and safety over industrial tasks.
- [Z-Bot](https://humanoid.observer/robots/k-scale-z-bot/): K-Scale Labs, limited-production, USD 999. Z-Bot is K-Scale Labs' small, low-cost open-source humanoid, sold from 2025 as a developer and education kit for about USD 999.

## Companies
- [1X Technologies](https://humanoid.observer/companies/1x/): US, startup. 1X, founded in Norway in 2014 as Halodi Robotics and renamed in 2023, builds the EVE wheeled humanoid and the NEO home humanoid. It opened consumer preorders for NEO at USD 20,000 in October 2025 and is backed by the OpenAI Startup Fund and EQT.
- [Addverb Technologies](https://humanoid.observer/companies/addverb/): IN, startup. Addverb is an Indian warehouse automation company majority owned by Reliance Retail that announced the Heal humanoid.
- [AgiBot](https://humanoid.observer/companies/agibot/): CN, startup. AgiBot was founded in 2023 by former Huawei engineer Peng Zhihui and became one of China's largest humanoid makers by shipments within two years. In 2025 it bought control of STAR-listed Swancor Advanced Materials and released the AgiBot World dataset and GO-1 model.
- [Agile Robots](https://humanoid.observer/companies/agile-robots/): DE, startup. Agile Robots, a Munich unicorn founded by DLR alumni in 2018, makes force-controlled industrial arms and announced the Agile ONE humanoid at Automatica in June 2025.
- [Agility Robotics](https://humanoid.observer/companies/agility-robotics/): US, startup. Agility Robotics, an Oregon State University spin-off, makes the Digit humanoid for warehouse tote handling and runs the RoboFab factory in Salem, Oregon. Its GXO deployment in 2024 was the first paid multi-year humanoid deployment. CEO Peggy Johnson joined in 2024.
- [AIST (National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology)](https://humanoid.observer/companies/aist/): JP, research-institute. AIST led Japan's national Humanoid Robotics Project and developed the HRP series with Kawada, from HRP-2 in 2003 to the construction-oriented HRP-5P in 2018.
- [Akinrobotics](https://humanoid.observer/companies/akinrobotics/): TR, startup. Akinrobotics is a Turkish humanoid company spun out of software firm AkinSoft that opened a humanoid production facility in Konya in 2017.
- [Aldebaran](https://humanoid.observer/companies/aldebaran/): FR, startup. Aldebaran, founded in Paris in 2005, created NAO and designed Pepper; SoftBank bought it (2012 to 2015) and renamed it SoftBank Robotics Europe, then sold it to United Robotics Group in 2022. It entered insolvency proceedings in February 2025 and was taken over later in 2025.
- [Android Technics](https://humanoid.observer/companies/android-technics/): RU, startup. Android Technics is the Russian developer of the FEDOR humanoid, built with the Advanced Research Foundation and flown to the ISS in 2019.
- [Ant Group (Robbyant)](https://humanoid.observer/companies/ant-group/): CN, big-tech. Robbyant is the embodied-AI subsidiary of fintech company Ant Group, set up in late 2024. It showed the R1 humanoid in September 2025.
- [Anybots](https://humanoid.observer/companies/anybots/): US, startup. Anybots was founded by Y Combinator co-founder Trevor Blackwell to build balancing robots. Its Dexter biped of 2007 was an early dynamically balancing humanoid; the company later sold QB telepresence robots.
- [Apptronik](https://humanoid.observer/companies/apptronik/): US, startup. Apptronik spun out of the University of Texas at Austin's Human Centered Robotics Lab after work on NASA's Valkyrie and builds the Apollo humanoid. It raised a USD 350 million Series A in February 2025 led by B Capital and Capital Factory with Google, and pilots Apollo with Mercedes-Benz, GXO and Jabil.
- [Astribot](https://humanoid.observer/companies/astribot/): CN, startup. Astribot is the humanoid brand of Shenzhen's Stardust Intelligence, founded by former Tencent and Baidu roboticist Lai Jie. Its wheeled S1 became known in 2024 for fast household manipulation videos.
- [Boardwalk Robotics](https://humanoid.observer/companies/boardwalk-robotics/): US, startup. Boardwalk Robotics is an IHMC spin-off in Pensacola that co-developed the Nadia humanoid and revealed the Alex upper-body humanoid for industry in August 2024.
- [Booster Robotics](https://humanoid.observer/companies/booster-robotics/): CN, startup. Booster Robotics makes robust mid-size humanoids for research and competitions; its T1 is the official platform of RoboCup humanoid leagues.
- [Boston Dynamics](https://humanoid.observer/companies/boston-dynamics/): US, startup. Boston Dynamics, spun out of MIT in 1992, built PETMAN and the hydraulic Atlas and in 2024 introduced an all-electric Atlas for factory work. Owned by Hyundai Motor Group since 2021, it plans to deploy Atlas in Hyundai plants and works with Toyota Research Institute and Google DeepMind on robot AI.
- [California Institute of Technology](https://humanoid.observer/companies/caltech/): US, university. Caltech's Center for Autonomous Systems and Technologies built LEONARDO, a small bipedal robot that combines legs with thrusters, published in Science Robotics in 2021.
- [Cartwheel Robotics](https://humanoid.observer/companies/cartwheel-robotics/): US, startup. Cartwheel Robotics, founded by former Disney Research and Boston Dynamics engineer Scott LaValley, is developing small character-driven humanoids for homes and entertainment, including the Yogi prototype shown in 2025.
- [CASBOT](https://humanoid.observer/companies/casbot/): CN, startup. CASBOT is a Beijing humanoid startup spun out of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, with the CASBOT 01 full-size robot revealed in 2024.
- [Chery](https://humanoid.observer/companies/chery/): CN, automaker. Chery is a Chinese car maker whose AiMOGA robotics unit builds the Mornine showroom humanoid deployed in dealerships in China and abroad.
- [Clone Robotics](https://humanoid.observer/companies/clone-robotics/): PL, startup. Clone Robotics, based in Wroclaw with US ties, builds musculoskeletal androids using water-driven artificial muscles. Its Protoclone video went viral in February 2025 and it has announced Clone Alpha for a first batch of 279 units.
- [Dataa Robotics](https://humanoid.observer/companies/dataa-robotics/): CN, startup. Dataa Robotics, formerly CloudMinds, pioneered cloud-controlled service humanoids in China but ran into financial difficulty in 2024 after a failed US listing and loss of funding.
- [Devanthro](https://humanoid.observer/companies/devanthro/): DE, startup. Devanthro is a Munich company that grew out of the Roboy tendon-driven humanoid research project and builds Robody, a teleoperated care avatar for nursing homes.
- [Dobot](https://humanoid.observer/companies/dobot/): CN, startup. Dobot is a Shenzhen collaborative-robot maker listed in Hong Kong in December 2024 that entered humanoids with Atom in 2025.
- [Enchanted Tools](https://humanoid.observer/companies/enchanted-tools/): FR, startup. Enchanted Tools is a Paris startup founded in 2021 by Aldebaran co-founder Jerome Monceaux that makes the Mirokai character service robots for hospitals and events.
- [EngineAI](https://humanoid.observer/companies/engineai/): CN, startup. EngineAI is a Shenzhen startup known for human-like straight-leg walking and the first humanoid front flip. Its PM01 is one of the lower-priced full humanoids.
- [Engineered Arts](https://humanoid.observer/companies/engineered-arts/): GB, startup. Engineered Arts of Falmouth has made entertainment humanoids since 2004, including RoboThespian and the expressive Ameca. It raised a USD 10 million seed round in 2023 and expanded to the United States.
- [Field AI](https://humanoid.observer/companies/field-ai/): US, startup. Field AI is an Irvine, California software company founded in 2023 by Ali Agha that sells risk-aware embodied AI models to run other makers' robots, including humanoids and quadrupeds. It disclosed USD 405 million of funding at a USD 2 billion valuation in August 2025.
- [Figure AI](https://humanoid.observer/companies/figure-ai/): US, startup. Figure AI, founded by Brett Adcock in 2022, builds general-purpose humanoids and the Helix vision-language-action model. It raised over USD 1 billion in a Series C in September 2025 at a USD 39 billion valuation and opened the BotQ factory for Figure 03. BMW was its first announced customer.
- [Florida Institute for Human and Machine Cognition](https://humanoid.observer/companies/ihmc/): US, research-institute. IHMC is a Florida research institute known for humanoid locomotion and teleoperation work with Atlas and Valkyrie in the DARPA Robotics Challenge, and for its own Nadia humanoid built with Boardwalk Robotics.
- [Foundation Robotics Labs](https://humanoid.observer/companies/foundation-robotics/): US, startup. Foundation Robotics Labs is a San Francisco startup building the Phantom humanoid for industrial and defense customers, founded in 2024 by former Synapse CEO Sankaet Pathak and Mike LeBlanc.
- [Fourier](https://humanoid.observer/companies/fourier/): CN, startup. Fourier began in rehabilitation robotics and launched the GR-1 humanoid in 2023, becoming one of the first Chinese companies to ship humanoids in volume to research labs. Its 2025 products include the open-source N1 and the care-focused GR-3.
- [Foxconn (Hon Hai)](https://humanoid.observer/companies/foxconn/): TW, conglomerate. Foxconn is the largest electronics contract manufacturer and both a customer of humanoids (UBTech Walker S1 in Shenzhen) and a developer, planning humanoid deployment with Nvidia at its Houston AI server plant.
- [GAC Group](https://humanoid.observer/companies/gac/): CN, automaker. GAC Group is a state-owned car maker that revealed its GoMate wheel-foot humanoid in December 2024 for use in its own plants and dealerships.
- [Galbot](https://humanoid.observer/companies/galbot/): CN, startup. Galbot is a Beijing embodied-AI startup founded by Peking University professor Wang He. Its wheeled G1 humanoid runs unmanned retail stores and its grasping models are trained mostly in simulation.
- [Generalist AI](https://humanoid.observer/companies/generalist-ai/): US, ecosystem. Generalist AI builds embodied foundation models trained on very large real-world manipulation datasets, and released GEN-0 in October 2025, trained on over 270,000 hours of manipulation data. It supplies models rather than robots.
- [German Aerospace Center (DLR), Institute of Robotics and Mechatronics](https://humanoid.observer/companies/dlr/): DE, research-institute. DLR's Institute of Robotics and Mechatronics developed the lightweight torque-controlled arm technology behind KUKA's LBR and applied it to the humanoids Rollin' Justin and TORO, and to space telerobotics experiments with the ISS.
- [Google DeepMind](https://humanoid.observer/companies/google-deepmind/): GB, big-tech. Google DeepMind develops the Gemini Robotics family of vision-language-action models (Gemini Robotics in March 2025, On-Device in June 2025, Gemini Robotics 1.5 and ER 1.5 in September 2025) and partners with Apptronik (since December 2024) and Boston Dynamics (from 2026) to run them on humanoids.
- [Hanson Robotics](https://humanoid.observer/companies/hanson-robotics/): HK, startup. Hanson Robotics is the Hong Kong company behind Sophia, the expressive-face humanoid, and the healthcare-oriented Grace.
- [Hexagon AB (Hexagon Robotics)](https://humanoid.observer/companies/hexagon/): SE, conglomerate. Hexagon, the Swedish measurement and software group, formed a robotics division and unveiled the AEON humanoid in June 2025 for industrial inspection and material handling, built on Nvidia platforms.
- [Hitachi](https://humanoid.observer/companies/hitachi/): JP, conglomerate. Hitachi developed the EMIEW wheeled service humanoids between 2005 and 2016, including airport guide trials at Haneda.
- [Hiwonder](https://humanoid.observer/companies/hiwonder/): CN, supplier. Shenzhen maker of educational robot kits. Its TonyPi line is one of the most widely used classroom humanoid platforms in the world.
- [Honda](https://humanoid.observer/companies/honda/): JP, automaker. Honda ran the most influential corporate humanoid program of the 1990s and 2000s, from the secret E series through P2 and ASIMO, before ending ASIMO development in 2018.
- [Hugging Face](https://humanoid.observer/companies/hugging-face/): US, ecosystem. Hugging Face, the AI model hub, entered robotics with the LeRobot open-source library in 2024, acquired Pollen Robotics in April 2025 and announced the low-cost HopeJR humanoid and Reachy Mini in 2025.
- [Humanoid](https://humanoid.observer/companies/humanoid/): GB, startup. Humanoid is a London startup founded in 2024 by investor Artem Sokolov to build the HMND 01 general-purpose humanoid in wheeled and bipedal versions for logistics and manufacturing.
- [Humanoid Robots (Shanghai) Co](https://humanoid.observer/companies/humanoid-robots-shanghai/): CN, research-institute. The Shanghai national humanoid innovation center develops the open-source Qinglong humanoid and the OpenLoong software ecosystem, and runs a humanoid training ground in Pudong.
- [InMoov (Gael Langevin)](https://humanoid.observer/companies/inmoov/): FR, ecosystem. InMoov is an open source community project started by French sculptor Gael Langevin in 2012 that publishes the files for a life size 3D printed humanoid built by makers and schools worldwide.
- [Inria](https://humanoid.observer/companies/inria/): FR, research-institute. The Flowers team at Inria Bordeaux, led by Pierre-Yves Oudeyer, created the open source Poppy Humanoid in 2014 as a platform for research on developmental robotics and for education.
- [Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia](https://humanoid.observer/companies/iit/): IT, research-institute. The Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia in Genoa created the open-source iCub humanoid, the ergoCub with INAIL and the WALK-MAN disaster-response humanoid, making it Europe's most prolific humanoid research institute.
- [K-Scale Labs](https://humanoid.observer/companies/k-scale-labs/): US, startup. K-Scale Labs is an open-source humanoid company founded in 2024 that publishes the hardware and software of its K-Bot and Z-Bot robots and sells them to developers.
- [KAIST](https://humanoid.observer/companies/kaist/): KR, university. KAIST's HUBO Lab under Oh Jun-Ho built Korea's first humanoid in 2004 and won the 2015 DARPA Robotics Challenge Finals with DRC-HUBO+.
- [Kawada Robotics](https://humanoid.observer/companies/kawada/): JP, startup. Kawada Robotics, spun out of Kawada Industries in 2013, built the HRP humanoids for AIST and sells the NEXTAGE dual-arm industrial humanoid.
- [Kawasaki Heavy Industries](https://humanoid.observer/companies/kawasaki/): JP, conglomerate. Kawasaki Heavy Industries, Japan's first industrial robot maker, has developed the Kaleido humanoid since 2015 for disaster response and care work.
- [Keenon Robotics](https://humanoid.observer/companies/keenon/): CN, startup. Keenon Robotics is a Shanghai service-robot maker with a large installed base of delivery robots that launched the XMAN humanoid line in 2025 and pursued a Hong Kong listing.
- [Kepler Robotics](https://humanoid.observer/companies/kepler/): CN, startup. Kepler is a Shanghai humanoid startup whose Forerunner robots use linear actuators and target a price of about USD 30,000 for industrial customers.
- [Kondo Kagaku](https://humanoid.observer/companies/kondo/): JP, startup. Kondo Kagaku is a Japanese servo and hobby-robot maker whose KHR humanoid kits have supplied the ROBO-ONE competition scene since 2004.
- [Leju Robotics](https://humanoid.observer/companies/leju/): CN, startup. Leju Robotics builds the Kuavo humanoid line and is part of the Huawei ecosystem, using Huawei's Pangu models and OpenHarmony. It began preparing a domestic IPO in 2025.
- [LimX Dynamics](https://humanoid.observer/companies/limx-dynamics/): CN, startup. LimX Dynamics is a Shenzhen legged-robot company that sells the modular TRON 1 biped and the Oli humanoid to research and developer customers.
- [MagicLab](https://humanoid.observer/companies/magiclab/): CN, startup. MagicLab is a humanoid and quadruped maker incubated by appliance company Dreame Technology, with MagicBot humanoids piloted in factories.
- [Massachusetts Institute of Technology](https://humanoid.observer/companies/mit/): US, university. MIT's AI Lab built the Cog humanoid in the 1990s under Rodney Brooks, and the Biomimetic Robotics Lab under Sangbae Kim built the MIT Humanoid in the 2020s from its Cheetah actuator technology.
- [Mentee Robotics](https://humanoid.observer/companies/mentee-robotics/): IL, startup. Mentee Robotics is an Israeli humanoid startup founded in 2022 by Mobileye founder Amnon Shashua with AI researchers Lior Wolf and Shai Shalev-Shwartz. It revealed Menteebot in 2024 and a production-intent V3 in January 2025.
- [Midea Group](https://humanoid.observer/companies/midea/): CN, conglomerate. Midea Group, the appliance maker that owns KUKA, revealed its own humanoid in 2025 and uses it in its factories.
- [NASA (Johnson Space Center)](https://humanoid.observer/companies/nasa/): US, government. NASA's Johnson Space Center developed Robonaut 2 with General Motors, the first humanoid in space, and the Valkyrie humanoid for the DARPA Robotics Challenge. Its engineers seeded Apptronik and Persona AI.
- [Naver Labs](https://humanoid.observer/companies/naver-labs/): KR, big-tech. Naver Labs is the robotics and AI research subsidiary of Korean internet company Naver, known for the AMBIDEX dual-arm robot and the robot-friendly 1784 headquarters.
- [Neura Robotics](https://humanoid.observer/companies/neura-robotics/): DE, startup. Neura Robotics is Germany's main humanoid startup, founded in 2019 by David Reger in Metzingen. It builds cognitive industrial robots and the 4NE-1 humanoid, raised a EUR 120 million Series B in January 2025 led by Lingotto, and was reported to be raising around EUR 1 billion in 2025 and 2026.
- [New Technology Coalition](https://humanoid.observer/companies/new-technology-coalition/): RU, startup. The New Technology Coalition is the Russian group that unveiled the AIDOL humanoid in Moscow in November 2025.
- [Noetix Robotics](https://humanoid.observer/companies/noetix/): CN, startup. Noetix is a Beijing startup founded by Jiang Zheyuan that sells low-cost humanoids, including the N2 that placed second in the 2025 half marathon and the sub-CNY 10,000 Bumi.
- [Nvidia](https://humanoid.observer/companies/nvidia/): US, big-tech. Nvidia supplies the compute and foundation models used by most Western humanoid makers: the Isaac GR00T family of humanoid foundation models (N1 in March 2025, N1.5 and N1.6 later in 2025), the Jetson Thor onboard computer (generally available August 2025 at USD 3,499 for the developer kit) and Isaac Sim and Cosmos for simulation and synthetic data. It is also an investor in Figure AI and other humanoid startups.
- [OpenAI](https://humanoid.observer/companies/openai/): US, big-tech. OpenAI re-established a robotics hardware team in 2024, hired former Meta hardware lead Caitlin Kalinowski, filed trademarks covering humanoid robots in 2025 and has been reported to be developing its own humanoid. It invested in Figure AI (collaboration ended February 2025), 1X and Physical Intelligence.
- [Oregon State University](https://humanoid.observer/companies/oregon-state-university/): US, university. Oregon State's Dynamic Robotics Laboratory under Jonathan Hurst built the ATRIAS biped, whose spring mass design led to the founding of Agility Robotics and the Cassie and Digit robots.
- [Oversonic Robotics](https://humanoid.observer/companies/oversonic-robotics/): IT, startup. Oversonic Robotics is an Italian company that makes the RoBee wheeled cognitive humanoid for industrial and healthcare use, sold in small numbers since 2021.
- [PAL Robotics](https://humanoid.observer/companies/pal-robotics/): ES, startup. PAL Robotics of Barcelona has built humanoids since 2004, from the chess-playing REEM-A to the commercial REEM-C and TALOS research bipeds and the Kangaroo jumping platform. It also sells the TIAGo mobile manipulators and is Europe's longest-running humanoid manufacturer.
- [Persona AI](https://humanoid.observer/companies/persona-ai/): US, startup. Persona AI builds ruggedised humanoids for shipbuilding and heavy industry, founded in 2024 by Nic Radford (NASA Valkyrie, Nauticus Robotics) and Jerry Pratt (IHMC). It announced a partnership with HD Hyundai shipbuilding units in 2025.
- [Physical Intelligence](https://humanoid.observer/companies/physical-intelligence/): US, ecosystem. Physical Intelligence develops general-purpose robot foundation models (pi0 in October 2024, pi0.5 in April 2025, pi-star-0.6 in November 2025) that are trained across many robot types. It raised USD 400 million at USD 2.4 billion in November 2024 and USD 600 million at USD 5.6 billion in November 2025.
- [PNDbotics](https://humanoid.observer/companies/pndbotics/): CN, startup. PNDbotics is a Beijing startup selling the Adam humanoid platform to researchers, with a focus on natural gait and quasi-direct-drive actuators.
- [Pollen Robotics](https://humanoid.observer/companies/pollen-robotics/): FR, startup. Pollen Robotics of Bordeaux makes the open-source Reachy humanoid platforms and was acquired by Hugging Face in April 2025, after which the two launched the Reachy Mini desktop robot.
- [Pudu Robotics](https://humanoid.observer/companies/pudu/): CN, startup. Pudu Robotics is a large maker of restaurant delivery and cleaning robots that added the wheeled D7 and bipedal D9 humanoids in 2025.
- [Rainbow Robotics](https://humanoid.observer/companies/rainbow-robotics/): KR, startup. Rainbow Robotics is the KAIST HUBO spin-out that sells collaborative robots, quadrupeds and the RB-Y1 bimanual platform. Samsung Electronics became its largest shareholder in 2023 and made it a subsidiary in December 2024.
- [Reflex Robotics](https://humanoid.observer/companies/reflex-robotics/): US, startup. Reflex Robotics is a New York startup building a low-cost wheeled humanoid that is teleoperated by default and learns autonomy from operator data.
- [Robosen Robotics](https://humanoid.observer/companies/robosen/): CN, supplier. Consumer robotics maker best known for licensed transforming Transformers robots and the K1 series of programmable walking humanoids.
- [Robotera](https://humanoid.observer/companies/robotera/): CN, startup. Robotera is a Tsinghua University spin-out building full-size humanoids with in-house actuators, known for fast running demos with Star1 and L7.
- [Robotis](https://humanoid.observer/companies/robotis/): KR, startup. Robotis is a Korean maker of Dynamixel servo actuators and open platform robots. It productised the DARwIn-OP academic humanoid, followed by OP2 and OP3, and built the full size THORMANG research humanoid.
- [Samsung Electronics](https://humanoid.observer/companies/samsung/): KR, big-tech. Samsung Electronics took control of Rainbow Robotics in December 2024 and created a Future Robotics Office to develop humanoids. As of 2026 it has not revealed a humanoid of its own.
- [Sanctuary AI](https://humanoid.observer/companies/sanctuary-ai/): CA, startup. Sanctuary AI of Vancouver develops the Phoenix general-purpose humanoid and its Carbon control software, with a focus on hydraulic dexterous hands and teleoperation-based training. Magna is a partner and investor. The company changed leadership in 2025.
- [SCHAFT](https://humanoid.observer/companies/schaft/): JP, startup. SCHAFT was a University of Tokyo spin-out acquired by Google in 2013 that won the DARPA Robotics Challenge Trials. Alphabet shut it down in November 2018 after a sale to SoftBank fell through.
- [Skild AI](https://humanoid.observer/companies/skild-ai/): US, ecosystem. Skild AI, founded in 2023 by Carnegie Mellon professors Deepak Pathak and Abhinav Gupta, trains a general robot brain (Skild Brain) meant to run on many robot bodies including humanoids. It raised a USD 300 million Series A in July 2024 at USD 1.5 billion and larger rounds in 2025 and 2026 led by SoftBank and Nvidia.
- [SoftBank Robotics](https://humanoid.observer/companies/softbank-robotics/): JP, conglomerate. SoftBank Robotics is the SoftBank Group unit that launched Pepper in 2014 and later the Whiz cleaning robot and Servi delivery robot. It sold its European humanoid arm (Aldebaran) to United Robotics Group in 2022 and paused Pepper production in 2020.
- [Sony](https://humanoid.observer/companies/sony/): JP, big-tech. Sony developed the QRIO entertainment humanoid alongside AIBO in the early 2000s and cancelled both in 2006.
- [Stanford University](https://humanoid.observer/companies/stanford-university/): US, university. Stanford research groups released the open source ToddlerBot platform in 2025 and the HumanPlus shadowing system on a Unitree H1 in 2024, both focused on machine learning for humanoids.
- [Tesla](https://humanoid.observer/companies/tesla/): US, automaker. Tesla began its Optimus humanoid program in 2021 and has shown three generations, with a production-intent V3 planned for a Fremont line in 2026. Musk has called Optimus potentially Tesla's most valuable product and set a long-term target of millions of units per year. Tesla funds the program internally.
- [The Bot Company](https://humanoid.observer/companies/the-bot-company/): US, startup. The Bot Company is a stealth home-robot startup founded in 2024 by Cruise co-founder Kyle Vogt. It raised USD 150 million at a USD 2 billion valuation in March 2025, and Bloomberg reported in October 2025 that it was set to raise USD 250 million at more than USD 4 billion, without publicly showing a robot.
- [Tmsuk](https://humanoid.observer/companies/tmsuk/): JP, startup. Tmsuk is a Japanese service and rescue robot company that built the samurai humanoid Kiyomori with Waseda University in 2005.
- [Toyota (incl. Toyota Research Institute)](https://humanoid.observer/companies/toyota/): JP, automaker. Toyota has built humanoids since its 2005 Expo partner robots, including the teleoperated T-HR3 and the basketball-shooting CUE. Its US research arm TRI studies soft whole-body manipulation with Punyo.
- [UBTech Robotics](https://humanoid.observer/companies/ubtech/): CN, startup. UBTech is a Shenzhen robotics company listed in Hong Kong in December 2023, known for consumer Alpha robots and the Walker humanoid line. Its Walker S industrial humanoids are in Chinese car and electronics plants and the company reported a Walker S order book above CNY 800 million in 2025.
- [Unitree Robotics](https://humanoid.observer/companies/unitree/): CN, startup. Unitree is the highest-volume maker of legged robots, starting with quadrupeds in 2016 and moving into humanoids with H1 in 2023. Its G1 and R1 set price floors for the industry. The company filed for a Shanghai STAR Market IPO in 2025.
- [University of Bonn](https://humanoid.observer/companies/university-of-bonn/): DE, university. The Autonomous Intelligent Systems group at the University of Bonn led by Sven Behnke runs team NimbRo, which builds open source humanoids, has won many RoboCup Humanoid League titles and won the ANA Avatar XPRIZE in 2022.
- [University of California, Berkeley](https://humanoid.observer/companies/uc-berkeley/): US, university. UC Berkeley's Hybrid Robotics Lab led by Koushil Sreenath built the Berkeley Humanoid in 2024 and released the open source Berkeley Humanoid Lite in 2025 to make humanoid research affordable.
- [University of California, Los Angeles](https://humanoid.observer/companies/ucla/): US, university. UCLA's Robotics and Mechanisms Laboratory under Dennis Hong builds research humanoids including BRUCE and the full size ARTEMIS, which competed in RoboCup.
- [University of Southern California](https://humanoid.observer/companies/usc/): US, university. USC's Dynamic Robotics and Control Laboratory led by Quan Nguyen develops the open source HECTOR humanoid for research on model predictive control and learning based locomotion.
- [University of Texas at Austin](https://humanoid.observer/companies/ut-austin/): US, university. UT Austin's Human Centered Robotics Lab led by Luis Sentis develops the Draco series of bipedal humanoids with Apptronik, which was spun out of the lab in 2016.
- [VinMotion](https://humanoid.observer/companies/vinmotion/): VN, startup. VinMotion is the humanoid robotics company of Vietnam's Vingroup conglomerate, founded in January 2025.
- [Virginia Tech](https://humanoid.observer/companies/virginia-tech/): US, university. Dennis Hong's RoMeLa lab, then at Virginia Tech, developed the DARwIn series of humanoids and led the NSF funded DARwIn-OP open platform with Purdue, Penn and Robotis before moving to UCLA in 2014.
- [Wandercraft](https://humanoid.observer/companies/wandercraft/): FR, startup. Wandercraft makes self-balancing medical exoskeletons (Atalante, Eve) and in 2025 used that technology to build the Calvin-40 industrial humanoid in 40 days. It raised a USD 75 million Series D in June 2025 with Renault as strategic investor.
- [Waseda University](https://humanoid.observer/companies/waseda/): JP, university. Waseda University's Kato and Takanishi laboratories built the first full-scale humanoid, WABOT-1, in 1973 and have continued humanoid research through the WABIAN series.
- [Weave Robotics](https://humanoid.observer/companies/weave-robotics/): US, startup. American startup building Isaac, a wheeled home robot that tidies and folds laundry, sold direct to consumers at $7,999 or $449 a month.
- [Westinghouse Electric Corporation](https://humanoid.observer/companies/westinghouse/): US, conglomerate. Westinghouse was a major American electrical manufacturer. Its Mansfield, Ohio plant built a series of demonstration robots in the 1930s, culminating in Elektro, shown at the 1939 New York World's Fair.
- [X-Humanoid (Beijing Humanoid Robot Innovation Center)](https://humanoid.observer/companies/x-humanoid/): CN, research-institute. X-Humanoid is the Beijing municipal humanoid innovation center backed by UBTech, Xiaomi and Beijing E-Town. Its Tiangong platform is open source and won the first humanoid half marathon in 2025.
- [Xiaomi](https://humanoid.observer/companies/xiaomi/): CN, big-tech. Xiaomi showed the CyberOne humanoid in 2022, ahead of the current wave, and is a shareholder of Beijing's X-Humanoid center. It has not released a humanoid product.
- [Xpeng](https://humanoid.observer/companies/xpeng/): CN, automaker. Xpeng is an electric car maker that has invested in humanoids since 2020 through its robotics unit. Its Iron humanoid uses the company's own Turing AI chips and is planned for mass production at the end of 2026.

## Articles
Every article is written from the database above and names the machines it discusses. Each one is also available as plain markdown at the same path with a .md suffix instead of the trailing slash.
- [Deposits, lead times and warranties: reading a humanoid order sheet](https://humanoid.observer/blog/deposits-lead-times-and-warranties-how-to-read-a-humanoid-order-sheet/) (Explainer, 2026-09-06, 1655 words, markdown: https://humanoid.observer/blog/deposits-lead-times-and-warranties-how-to-read-a-humanoid-order-sheet.md): Of 42 buy records, 2 publish a deposit, 1 a warranty, 1 a shipping cost and none a lead time in weeks. The order sheet for a humanoid is mostly blank, and the blanks are where the money goes.
- [Europe's humanoids: who builds them and what you can order](https://humanoid.observer/blog/europes-humanoids-who-builds-them-and-what-you-can-order/) (Explainer, 2026-09-06, 1732 words, markdown: https://humanoid.observer/blog/europes-humanoids-who-builds-them-and-what-you-can-order.md): 31 of the 182 humanoids on record come from seven European countries. Three can be ordered, two have a price, and the dearest of those is $75,000 for a robot that does not walk.
- [Figure AI: what $39 billion has shown so far](https://humanoid.observer/blog/figure-ai-what-39-billion-dollars-has-shown-so-far/) (Opinion, 2026-09-06, 1439 words, markdown: https://humanoid.observer/blog/figure-ai-what-39-billion-dollars-has-shown-so-far.md): Four rounds, $1,754,000,000 raised, one named customer, no price and no unit count. The record on the most valuable humanoid company, generation by generation.
- [How a humanoid robot works: actuators, compute, sensors and the model](https://humanoid.observer/blog/how-a-humanoid-robot-works-actuators-compute-sensors-and-the-model/) (Explainer, 2026-09-06, 1777 words, markdown: https://humanoid.observer/blog/how-a-humanoid-robot-works-actuators-compute-sensors-and-the-model.md): Of 182 humanoids on record, 178 say what moves the joints and 43 say what computer is inside. The further a layer sits from the metal, the less the maker tells you about it.
- [How long does a humanoid robot actually run](https://humanoid.observer/blog/how-long-does-a-humanoid-robot-actually-run/) (Explainer, 2026-09-06, 1957 words, markdown: https://humanoid.observer/blog/how-long-does-a-humanoid-robot-actually-run.md): 22 of 182 humanoids on record quote a runtime. The claims run from 1 to 8 hours with a median of 4, and of the 44 machines you can order, 4 say anything at all.
- [Humanoid races, games and fights: what the competitions proved](https://humanoid.observer/blog/humanoid-races-games-and-fights-what-the-competitions-proved/) (Explainer, 2026-09-06, 1869 words, markdown: https://humanoid.observer/blog/humanoid-races-games-and-fights-what-the-competitions-proved.md): Our record holds 11 competition events from 1997 to 2025 and 17 machines tied to them. Six can be ordered, three at a public price, and 13 of the 17 carry a teleoperation flag of yes or partial.
- [Japan built the first humanoids, then stopped shipping them](https://humanoid.observer/blog/japan-built-the-first-humanoids-and-then-stopped/) (History, 2026-09-06, 1617 words, markdown: https://humanoid.observer/blog/japan-built-the-first-humanoids-and-then-stopped.md): Japan has 24 humanoids and 12 makers in our record, more than any country except China and the United States. Two of the 24 can be ordered today, and both were first shown in 2009.
- [Open-source humanoids: what you can actually build](https://humanoid.observer/blog/open-source-humanoids-what-you-can-actually-build/) (Explainer, 2026-09-06, 2085 words, markdown: https://humanoid.observer/blog/open-source-humanoids-what-you-can-actually-build.md): 24 of the 182 humanoids on record call themselves open source. 15 publish hardware files and software, 3 name a licence, 12 can be ordered, and none of the four on preorder has any autonomy evidence yet.
- [Startups, automakers, universities: who builds humanoids](https://humanoid.observer/blog/startups-automakers-universities-who-builds-humanoids/) (Explainer, 2026-09-06, 1763 words, markdown: https://humanoid.observer/blog/startups-automakers-universities-who-builds-humanoids.md): 108 makers, nine kinds. Startups hold 37 of the 44 humanoids you can order. Automakers, universities, big tech, conglomerates and NASA hold 45 robots between them and sell none of them.
- [Who is paying for humanoids: 69 funding rounds](https://humanoid.observer/blog/who-is-paying-for-humanoids-69-funding-rounds/) (Explainer, 2026-09-06, 1762 words, markdown: https://humanoid.observer/blog/who-is-paying-for-humanoids-69-funding-rounds.md): Our funding record holds 69 entries. Take out the government funds, the acquisitions and the IPOs and $6.33 billion of disclosed private money remains. 37 percent of it went to companies with no robot on record.
- [44 you can order, 138 you cannot: the gap explained](https://humanoid.observer/blog/44-you-can-order-138-you-cannot/) (News, 2026-09-05, 1092 words, markdown: https://humanoid.observer/blog/44-you-can-order-138-you-cannot.md): We keep a record of 182 humanoid robots. Fewer than a quarter of them will sell you one, and of those, only eight tell you the price on their own website. Here is where the rest went.
- [A short history of the humanoid, from Elektro to the order button](https://humanoid.observer/blog/a-short-history-of-humanoids-1939-to-2026/) (History, 2026-09-05, 907 words, markdown: https://humanoid.observer/blog/a-short-history-of-humanoids-1939-to-2026.md): Our record holds 111 dated milestones since 1939. Sixty-eight of them are from this decade, and what changed was not the walking. It was the price tag.
- [China builds, America demos: what 108 makers tell you](https://humanoid.observer/blog/china-builds-america-demos/) (Opinion, 2026-09-05, 951 words, markdown: https://humanoid.observer/blog/china-builds-america-demos.md): Chinese makers account for 65 of the 182 humanoids in our record and 31 of the 44 you can order. American makers hold the money, the research and most of the autonomy claims, and sell you almost nothing.
- [How much does a humanoid robot cost in 2026?](https://humanoid.observer/blog/how-much-does-a-humanoid-robot-cost/) (Explainer, 2026-09-05, 910 words, markdown: https://humanoid.observer/blog/how-much-does-a-humanoid-robot-cost.md): Thirty-five humanoids in our record carry a price, from $299 to $250,000 with a median of $15,000. What the money buys changes completely at each band, and so does how much you should trust the number.
- [Humanoid robot stocks: which of the 108 makers are actually listed](https://humanoid.observer/blog/humanoid-robot-stocks-which-makers-are-listed/) (Explainer, 2026-09-05, 969 words, markdown: https://humanoid.observer/blog/humanoid-robot-stocks-which-makers-are-listed.md): Twenty of the 108 makers in our record have a ticker. Four of them will sell you a humanoid. The rest build cars, chips, servers and washing machines, and the pure plays are all private.
- [Humanoid robots for your home: what you can actually get in 2026](https://humanoid.observer/blog/humanoid-robots-for-your-home-what-you-can-actually-get/) (Explainer, 2026-09-05, 898 words, markdown: https://humanoid.observer/blog/humanoid-robots-for-your-home-what-you-can-actually-get.md): Six machines in our database are built for the home: three take orders, two have a price, none has reached a customer. Here is what a deposit buys today, and what the $299 alternative does not.
- [Tesla Optimus: what the record shows, and what you can buy](https://humanoid.observer/blog/tesla-optimus-what-the-record-shows/) (News, 2026-09-05, 978 words, markdown: https://humanoid.observer/blog/tesla-optimus-what-the-record-shows.md): Four Optimus records, five years, no price and no order page. Here is what Tesla has shown, what it has said about money and dates, and how much of it has been checked by anyone outside Tesla.
- [The $20,000 body: what NEO's price actually buys](https://humanoid.observer/blog/the-20000-dollar-body/) (Explainer, 2026-09-05, 982 words, markdown: https://humanoid.observer/blog/the-20000-dollar-body.md): 1X is the first company to put a humanoid in front of households with a real price and a real order button. Read the small print and you are buying two things: a machine, and a person somewhere else.
- [The uncanny valley, and why the newest humanoids have no face](https://humanoid.observer/blog/the-uncanny-valley-and-the-faceless-humanoid/) (Explainer, 2026-09-05, 947 words, markdown: https://humanoid.observer/blog/the-uncanny-valley-and-the-faceless-humanoid.md): Masahiro Mori warned in 1970 that a nearly human face repels. Of the 182 humanoids in our record, four describe one, and none of the four does physical work for a customer.
- [Unitree G1 at $13,500: why the cheap one cannot run your code](https://humanoid.observer/blog/unitree-g1-cheap-one-cannot-run-your-code/) (Explainer, 2026-09-05, 995 words, markdown: https://humanoid.observer/blog/unitree-g1-cheap-one-cannot-run-your-code.md): The most sold humanoid in the world has a price that gets quoted everywhere and a configuration ladder that almost nobody reads. The version in the headline and the version in the lab are $30,400 apart.
- [What humanoid robots can actually do in 2026](https://humanoid.observer/blog/what-can-humanoid-robots-actually-do/) (Explainer, 2026-09-05, 922 words, markdown: https://humanoid.observer/blog/what-can-humanoid-robots-actually-do.md): Of 182 humanoid robots on record, 117 have a human in the loop, 33 have ever worked at a customer site and none has a verified fleet count. Here is what that leaves.
- [Where humanoids actually work: 52 deployments, counted](https://humanoid.observer/blog/where-humanoids-actually-work-52-deployments/) (News, 2026-09-05, 1039 words, markdown: https://humanoid.observer/blog/where-humanoids-actually-work-52-deployments.md): We track 52 humanoid deployments at named sites. Eighteen are in car plants, exactly half are live, and six say how many robots turned up. Those six add up to 41 machines.
- [Why hands are the hardest part of a humanoid](https://humanoid.observer/blog/why-hands-are-the-hardest-part/) (Explainer, 2026-09-05, 939 words, markdown: https://humanoid.observer/blog/why-hands-are-the-hardest-part.md): Of 182 humanoids on record, 96 describe their hands and 13 publish a degrees-of-freedom figure for them. The word dexterous appears 21 times and comes with a number once.

## Citation
Cite as: humanoid.observer, <page URL>, accessed <date>. Data licence CC BY 4.0. Editorial text on the site is not part of that licence; quote it with attribution and a link.
Full article text in one file: https://humanoid.observer/llms-full.txt