Europe's humanoids: who builds them and what you can order
31 of the 182 humanoids on record come from seven European countries. Three can be ordered, two have a price, and the dearest of those is $75,000 for a robot that does not walk.
Europe has 31 humanoids on our record, from 19 makers in seven countries. Three of the 31 can be ordered today. Two of those have a price. The one full-size machine among them, Reachy 2, costs $70,000 and rolls on wheels. Everything else European is a quote, a pilot, a research platform or a museum piece. For a buyer or a lab that wants to stay on home soil, that is the whole menu.
The seven countries are France (8 robots), Germany (7), Spain (6), Italy (4), the United Kingdom (3), Poland (2) and Sweden (1). We have left out Russia (2 robots) and Turkey (1), which the data tags separately, and 1X, which the record files under the United States with engineering in Moss, Norway.
Three you can order, and one of them sits on a desk
The 44 orderable humanoids on this site are the ones marked in stock or on preorder. Europe supplies three, all covered in the availability gap piece as two French and one Polish.
Reachy 2 from Pollen Robotics of Bordeaux, part of Hugging Face since April 2025, is in stock and built to order. The official price is $70,000, with a stationary one-arm configuration at $38,000 and the full robot with mobile base at $75,000. It has two arms, an expressive head and a wheeled base, and it does not walk. Hardware and software are open source. The record marks teleoperation as yes: it is designed for VR teleoperation and for collecting data to train vision-language-action models, so what it does on its own is what you train it to do.
Reachy Mini, from the same maker, is on preorder at $299 for the tethered Lite version and $449 for the wireless version with battery and on-board compute. It is 28 cm tall, a head and torso, and not a walking humanoid. It is on the list because it is the cheapest entry into the same open stack as its big sibling, a point the home robots piece already makes.
Clone Alpha from Clone Robotics in Wroclaw is the third. It was announced for preorder in December 2024 with a first batch of 279 units, and as of the data date it has no public price and no confirmed delivery. Its status is concept. The technology demonstrator, Protoclone, was shown in February 2025 suspended from a ceiling, twitching, not walking. A preorder here is a deposit on an idea.
Beyond those three, 13 European machines are enterprise only, which means a sales conversation rather than a buy button. Two are discontinued and 13 are not for sale at all.
The makers, country by country
| Maker | Country | Machines on record | Orderable | Price |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pollen Robotics | FR | Reachy 2, Reachy Mini | Yes, both | $70,000 ($38,000 to $75,000 by configuration); $299 to $449 |
| Clone Robotics | PL | Clone Alpha, Protoclone | Alpha on preorder | No public price |
| Aldebaran | FR | NAO, Romeo | NAO on quote, per institution | Record notes roughly $9,000 to $15,000 for NAO6, by region and reseller |
| PAL Robotics | ES | REEM-A, REEM-B, REEM, REEM-C, TALOS, Kangaroo | REEM-C and TALOS to labs, on request | Not public |
| IIT | IT | iCub, ergoCub, WALK-MAN | iCub built at cost for partner labs | Historically around EUR 250,000 per the record |
| Engineered Arts | GB | Ameca, RoboThespian | Sold and rented, on request | Not public |
| Oversonic Robotics | IT | RoBee | Enterprise only | No public price |
| Neura Robotics | DE | 4NE-1 | No, pilots only | No public price |
| Hexagon | SE | AEON | No, pilots only | No public price |
| Humanoid | GB | HMND 01 | No, pilots announced | No public price |
| Enchanted Tools | FR | Mirokai | No, pilots | No public price |
| Devanthro | DE | Robody, Roboy | No, Robody in pilots | No public price |
| Wandercraft | FR | Calvin-40 | No, prototype | No public price |
| Agile Robots | DE | Agile ONE | No, prototype | No public price |
| DLR | DE | Rollin’ Justin, TORO | No, research | None |
| Inria | FR | Poppy Humanoid | No, open design | Kits several thousand euros per the record |
| InMoov | FR | InMoov | No, you print it | Parts roughly $1,500 to $3,000 per the record |
| University of Bonn | DE | NimbRo-OP2X | No, open design | None |
The nineteenth maker is Google DeepMind in London, which has no machine of its own on record; it builds the Gemini Robotics models and runs them on other people’s bodies.
Two of the 19 are in the acquired column. Pollen went to Hugging Face. Aldebaran, which created NAO in 2005, was bought by SoftBank, sold to United Robotics Group in 2022, entered insolvency in February 2025 and was taken over later that year; the record says NAO production continued. Enchanted Tools went through financial restructuring in 2025. PAL Robotics in Barcelona, building humanoids since 2004, is the longest-running maker here and the only one with six machines on record, from the chess-playing REEM-A of 2005 to the 175 cm, 32-DOF TALOS sold to labs since 2017.
Nearly half is research and almost a quarter is open
Of the 31 European machines, 13 are categorised as research and 9 have research as their status. Six come from research institutes: DLR’s Rollin’ Justin and TORO, Inria’s Poppy, and IIT’s iCub, ergoCub and WALK-MAN. One is a university machine, Bonn’s NimbRo-OP2X, a RoboCup winner whose record says fully autonomous soccer with no teleoperation. One, InMoov, is a community project. Twenty-two come from startups and one, AEON, from a listed conglomerate.
Seven of the 31 are open source: iCub, InMoov, NimbRo-OP2X, Poppy, Reachy 2, Reachy Mini and Roboy. That is 7 of the 24 open-source humanoids in the whole database, from a region with 17 percent of the robots. If openness is what you are buying, Europe over-delivers.
Three machines are retired, all older bipeds: REEM-A, REEM-B and WALK-MAN, which competed in the 2015 DARPA Robotics Challenge finals. Two are discontinued: the wheeled REEM service robot and Aldebaran’s Romeo, an elderly-care project that ended around 2017. Five were first revealed in 2025: AEON, Agile ONE, Calvin-40, Protoclone and Reachy Mini. Of those five, only the desk robot has a price.
Where European humanoids actually work
Our 52 deployments include six on European soil, counting Switzerland and Hungary: two in Germany, one each in France, Italy, Switzerland and Hungary. Four use European machines. Neura’s 4NE-1 has been in a pilot at Schaeffler plants since September 2024, with mixed autonomy and no published scale. Hexagon’s AEON was announced in June 2025 with Pilatus Aircraft in Stans and Schaeffler as pilot partners, also mixed autonomy. NAO’s classroom fleet, more than 13,000 units reported sold by 2018, and iCub’s copies in more than 30 labs are the other two, and they are fleets rather than sites.
The other two European deployments run American robots. Digit from Agility Robotics was announced for Schaeffler’s plants in October 2024, when Schaeffler took a minority stake. Apollo from Apptronik has been piloted at Mercedes-Benz in Kecskemet, Hungary since March 2024 and later in Berlin, the first announced humanoid pilot at a European carmaker. None of the six European deployments publishes a unit count. Chinese robots have no deployment outside China in our record; American robots have three abroad, and two of them are in European factories.
The fifth deployment of a European machine is abroad: Ameca at the Museum of the Future in Dubai, in the entertainment line where Engineered Arts has sold and rented RoboThespian since 2005. RoboThespian runs telepresence and scripted performance modes; Ameca’s record marks teleoperation as partial. Robody, the Munich care avatar piloted in German nursing homes, is operated by remote caregivers through VR and claims no autonomy at all. Across the 31, teleoperation is yes for 6, partial for 14, unknown for 4 and no for 7, and all 7 with no are research bipeds or retired machines.
Europe against China and the United States
| Europe (7 countries) | China | United States | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Robots on record | 31 | 65 | 44 |
| Makers | 19 | 30 | 33 |
| Orderable (in stock or preorder) | 3 | 31 | 5 |
| Deployments located there | 6, including CH and HU | 22 | 16 |
| Deployments by makers from there | 5 | 22 | 18 |
The column that matters to a European buyer is the orderable one. China’s 31 orderable machines, Europe’s 3, and the United States’ 5 set the choice: a full-size legged humanoid with a price, delivered to a European address, is today a Chinese machine, and the cost piece lists them. The two European factory deployments with any autonomy claim run American machines on lease or partnership terms, not on a price list. The European makers pitching factories, Neura, Hexagon, Humanoid with its HMND 01, Wandercraft and Agile Robots, are all in pilots or prototypes with no public price and no unit count.
The regulatory note: 2 August 2026
Our events record has one European regulation entry. Under the EU AI Act, obligations for high-risk AI systems, which include AI safety components of machinery and robots, were scheduled to apply from 2 August 2026, with the Commission’s Digital Omnibus proposal seeking to delay parts of that schedule. The same entry notes that humanoids sold in the EU also fall under the Machinery Regulation from January 2027. The record does not say whether the delay was adopted, and we do not know more than that. What it means in practice: any maker selling into the EU, from Shenzhen or Bordeaux, will be asked which of these rules its machine meets, and a European maker has no exemption from the paperwork just for being European.
What a European buyer can do this year
If you need a priced machine from a European maker, the list is Reachy 2 at $38,000 to $75,000 and Reachy Mini at $299 to $449, both open source, neither walking, the larger one built around teleoperation. If you need a classroom or research biped, ask Aldebaran for a NAO quote and PAL for a REEM-C or TALOS quote; our record puts a NAO6 at roughly $9,000 to $15,000 depending on region and reseller, and gives no figure for PAL. If you need a full-size research platform with open code, IIT builds iCub at cost for partner labs. If you need a humanoid on a factory floor, no European maker can sell you one today; you can join a pilot with Neura, Hexagon or Humanoid, or do what Schaeffler and Mercedes-Benz did and bring in an American machine. Whichever you choose, ask the seller in writing how the machine stands under the AI Act and the Machinery Regulation, because the deadline in our record has already passed and the delay is a proposal.
Reachy 2
Reachy 2 is an open-source humanoid with two arms, an expressive head and a mobile base from Pollen Robotics of Bordeaux, designed for VR teleoperation and AI research. Hugging Face acquired Pollen in April 2025 and sells Reachy 2 alongside its LeRobot software.
Reachy Mini
Reachy Mini is a desktop-size expressive robot head and torso from Pollen Robotics, now part of Hugging Face. It is not a walking humanoid, it is the cheapest legitimate way to start building with the open embodied-AI stack that runs on its full-size sibling Reachy 2.
Clone Alpha
Clone Alpha is the planned home android built on Clone Robotics' musculoskeletal technology, announced in December 2024 with a first batch of 279 preorder units. As of 2026 it remains a concept with no confirmed deliveries.
Protoclone
Protoclone is Clone Robotics' faceless musculoskeletal android with over 1,000 artificial muscle fibres, a synthetic skeleton and around 500 sensors. A video in February 2025 showed it twitching while suspended. It is the technology demonstrator for the planned Clone Alpha.
NAO
NAO is a 58 cm programmable humanoid from Aldebaran, first sold in 2008 and adopted as the RoboCup standard platform. It is the most widely distributed humanoid in education and research with over 13,000 units. The current NAO6 dates from 2018.
Romeo
Romeo was a 140 cm humanoid developed by Aldebaran with French research partners from 2009 as an assistant for elderly people. Prototypes were shown in 2014 but the project did not become a product.
TALOS
TALOS is PAL Robotics' torque-controlled research humanoid launched in 2017, 175 cm tall and 95 kg with 32 DoF and 6 kg payload per arm. The first unit, named Pyrene, went to LAAS-CNRS in Toulouse. It is used for whole-body control research in Europe.
REEM-C
REEM-C, launched in 2013, is a full-size bipedal research platform from PAL Robotics with 44 degrees of freedom and ROS support, sold to universities and labs. It was Spain's first commercial full-body biped.
REEM
REEM was PAL Robotics' wheeled humanoid service robot, launched in 2010 for guiding and information tasks in public spaces. It was PAL's first commercial humanoid product.
REEM-A
REEM-A was PAL Robotics' first humanoid, completed in 2005 in Barcelona as a bipedal robot that could walk and play chess. It established PAL as Europe's earliest commercial humanoid maker.
REEM-B
REEM-B, unveiled in 2008, was PAL Robotics' second biped, able to walk, climb stairs, recognise objects and carry 12 kg. It bridged the research REEM-A and the commercial wheeled REEM.
Kangaroo
Kangaroo is a PAL Robotics research biped designed for dynamic jumping and running, with actuators kept near the hips to lower leg inertia. It was shown from 2021 and is used for locomotion research.
iCub
iCub is the open-source child-sized humanoid developed by the Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia in Genoa from the EU RobotCub project (2004 to 2010). With 53 DoF and full-body tactile skin, it became a standard platform for cognitive robotics research, with dozens of units in labs worldwide. iCub3, a larger 125 cm version, was introduced in 2021.
ergoCub
ergoCub is a 150 cm humanoid developed by IIT with the Italian workers' compensation institute INAIL to study collaborative robots that reduce physical strain in hospitals and factories. It was presented in April 2023 and builds on iCub technology.
WALK-MAN
WALK-MAN was a large humanoid built by IIT with the University of Pisa and partners under an EU project for disaster response, and it competed in the 2015 DARPA Robotics Challenge finals. The project produced a second, lighter version in 2017.
4NE-1
4NE-1 is the humanoid from Neura Robotics of Metzingen, Germany, first revealed in 2023 and shown in a third generation at Automatica 2025. Neura, founded by David Reger in 2019, also makes cognitive industrial robots and positions 4NE-1 for factories and later households.
AEON
AEON is Hexagon's industrial humanoid, unveiled on 17 June 2025 at HxGN LIVE in Las Vegas. It combines legs with wheels for locomotion, hot-swappable batteries and Hexagon's measurement sensors, and is aimed at inspection, scanning and material handling in factories.
HMND 01
HMND 01 is the humanoid from London startup Humanoid, founded in 2024 by Artem Sokolov. A wheeled version was revealed in May 2025 for logistics work and a third-generation bipedal version followed later in 2025. The company positions it as a lower-cost European alternative to US and Chinese humanoids.
Ameca
Ameca is Engineered Arts' expressive humanoid, unveiled in December 2021 and shown at CES 2022, best known for realistic facial expressions and LLM-driven conversation. Gen 2 arrived in 2023 with a modular design. It is used for research, exhibitions and events rather than physical work.
RoboThespian
RoboThespian is Engineered Arts' life-size performing humanoid, produced since 2005 and installed in science centres and museums worldwide. It is a static-base robot for presentation, telepresence and entertainment rather than for walking or work.
Calvin-40
Calvin-40 is Wandercraft's first humanoid, built in 40 days in 2025 by reusing the actuators and balance control of its self-balancing exoskeletons. It is aimed at automotive plants, with Renault as launch partner and investor.
Agile ONE
Agile ONE is the humanoid prototype announced in June 2025 by Agile Robots, a Munich company founded in 2018 by DLR alumni that already produces industrial arms. It extends the company's force-controlled arm technology to a full humanoid.
Robody
Robody is Devanthro's wheeled humanoid avatar that lets remote caregivers be present in nursing homes through VR teleoperation. Devanthro, based in Munich, spun the concept out of the Roboy research project.
Roboy
Roboy was created at the University of Zurich's AI Lab in 2013 as a tendon-driven humanoid mimicking human musculature, and later developed at TU Munich as Roboy 2.0 and 3.0. It is the research origin of Devanthro's Robody telepresence robots.
Rollin' Justin
Rollin' Justin is DLR's wheeled humanoid with two lightweight torque-controlled arms and dexterous hands, developed from 2008 for manipulation research and later commanded from the International Space Station in supervised-autonomy experiments.
TORO
TORO is the torque-controlled humanoid of the German Aerospace Center's Institute of Robotics and Mechatronics, built in 2013 from its lightweight robot arm technology. It is used for research on whole-body torque control and multi-contact walking.
NimbRo-OP2X
NimbRo-OP2X is an open source, largely 3D printed, adult size humanoid from the Autonomous Intelligent Systems group at the University of Bonn led by Sven Behnke. It is the third generation of the NimbRo-OP line that started in 2012 and has won multiple RoboCup Humanoid League adult size titles. Hardware designs and software are public.
Poppy Humanoid
Poppy Humanoid is an 83 cm, 3D printed open source humanoid developed at the Inria Flowers team in Bordeaux by Matthieu Lapeyre and Pierre-Yves Oudeyer. It was created to study the role of body morphology in walking and became an education and art platform. Designs and the pypot software are fully open.
InMoov
InMoov is a life size, 3D printable open source humanoid started in 2012 by French sculptor Gael Langevin. Its upper body, hands and head can be printed on a desktop printer and driven by hobby servos and Arduino boards. It is the most widely built open source humanoid and a common school and maker project.
RoBee
RoBee is a wheeled cognitive humanoid from Oversonic Robotics of Besana in Brianza, Italy, launched in 2021 for repetitive industrial tasks and later for hospital use. Oversonic says it is the first humanoid built and certified in Italy for industrial use.
Mirokai
Mirokai (Miroki and Miroka) are animated-character service robots from Paris startup Enchanted Tools, founded in 2021 by Aldebaran co-founder Jerome Monceaux. They balance on a single ball, have arms for light fetching tasks and were piloted in hospitals in France.
Digit (v1 to v3)
Digit added a torso, arms and perception to the Cassie legs and was first shown in February 2019. Ford bought the first two units in 2020 for last-mile delivery research, and v2 and v3 added better perception and hands-free manipulation of totes. These versions were superseded by the 2023 Digit.
Apollo
Apollo is Apptronik's general-purpose humanoid, revealed on 23 August 2023, with a 25 kg payload and four-hour swappable batteries. It is piloted by Mercedes-Benz, GXO and Jabil, and Google DeepMind has partnered with Apptronik on its AI. Apptronik's team previously worked on NASA's Valkyrie.
Sources
- 01Reachy 2, the open-source humanoid for embodied AIPollen Robotics
- 02Hugging Face's open-source desktop Pollen robot starts at $299Association for Advancing Automation
- 03NAOAldebaran
- 04TALOSPAL Robotics
- 05iCubIIT
- 06Neura RoboticsNeura Robotics
- 07AmecaEngineered Arts
- 08EU AI Act implementation timelineFuture of Life Institute
Startups, automakers, universities: who builds humanoids
108 makers, nine kinds. Startups hold 37 of the 44 humanoids you can order. Automakers, universities, big tech, conglomerates and NASA hold 45 robots between them and sell none of them.
How long does a humanoid robot actually run
22 of 182 humanoids on record quote a runtime. The claims run from 1 to 8 hours with a median of 4, and of the 44 machines you can order, 4 say anything at all.
Open-source humanoids: what you can actually build
24 of the 182 humanoids on record call themselves open source. 15 publish hardware files and software, 3 name a licence, 12 can be ordered, and none of the four on preorder has any autonomy evidence yet.